Download BRIEF CONTENTS

BRIEF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Preface
xi
xi
About the Authors
xi
Theory Building in Communication . . . . . . . . . . . .1
PART I
1
Introduction to Studying Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2
Perspective on Communication Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3
The Development of Approaches to Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4
Paradigms and Communication Theory
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Theory Building in Major Approaches
to Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
PART II
5
Trait Approaches
6
Persuasion Approaches
7
Verbal Behavior Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8
Nonverbal Behavior Approaches
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
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Brief Contents
Theory Building in Communication
Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
PART III
9
Interpersonal Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
10
Group Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
11
Organizational Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
12
Mass Media Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
13
Tributary Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
A
Appendix A: Communication Research Methods
Conclusion
Glossary
455
459
References
505
Subject Index
Name Index
543
573
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Preface
xi
xi
About the Authors
xi
PART I
Theory Building in Communication 1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Studying Communication 3
Issues in Understanding Communication 5
Basic Components and Concepts 5
Defining Communication 7
Characteristics of Communication 9
Points of Controversy about Communication 11
Communication and Intent 11
Communication as Planned Behavior 14
Transactional Nature of Communication 17
The Functions of Communication 18
The Importance of Communication 19
Creating Cooperation 19
Acquiring Information 21
Forming Self-Concept 22
Communication as Entertainment 24
In the Evolution of Ideas 25
The Interdisciplinary Approach to
Communication 26
Summary 28
Key Terms 28
CHAPTER 2
Perspectives on Communication Theory 29
The Scientific Method 30
Theory Building through Deductive and
Inductive Approaches 31
Identifying Variable to Be Investigated 31
Development of Hypotheses 32
Conduct an Empirical Investigation 33
Compare Results to the Original
Hypothesis 33
Assess Theoretical Significance of the Findings
and Identify Threats to Validity 34
Constitutions of Quality Communication
Theory 34
Communication Theory Development 38
Fundamental Functions and Goals of
Communication Theory 39
Fundamental Goals of Theory 41
How Many Theories Are Enough? 43
Metatheoretical Contributions to Communication
Theory 44
Seven Theoretical Traditions 45
The Sociopsychological Tradition 46
The Cybernetic Tradition 47
The Rhetorical Tradition 47
The Phenomenological Tradition 48
The Sociocultural Tradition 48
The Critical Tradition 49
The Semiotic Tradition 49
Summary 51
Key Terms 51
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Contents
CHAPTER 3
The Development of Approaches
to Communication 53
The Rhetorical Tradition in the Development of
Communication Theory 53
Basic Rhetorical Concepts 55
Descriptive Models of Communication 62
The Schramm Model of Communication 62
Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication 64
The McCroskey Model of Communication 65
The Ruesch and Bateson Model of
Communication 66
The Westley-MacLean Model of
Communication 67
Major Approaches in the Development of
Contemporary Communication Theory 69
The Yale Studies on Communication 69
An Information Approach to
Communication 71
Berlo’s Process Approach to
Communication 73
Style-Specific or Special Communication
Theories 75
General Theories of Communication 76
Cognitive Dissonance 77
Symbolic Convergence 77
Burke’s Theory of Dramatism 77
Contextual Approaches to Communication 79
Summary 81
Key Terms 82
The Communibiological Perspective 91
Strengths of the Communibiological
Perspective 94
Weaknesses of the Communibiological
Perspective 95
The Rules Perspective 96
Strengths of the Rules Perspective 100
Weaknesses of the Rules Perspective 101
The Systems Perspective 101
Strengths of the Systems Perspective 105
Weaknesses of the Systems Perspective 106
Summary 108
Key Terms 108
PART II
Theory Building in Major Approaches to
Communication 109
CHAPTER 5
Trait Approaches 111
Contexts, Traits, and States 112
The Cross-situational Consistency Framework 113
Apprehension Traits 117
Presentation Traits 122
Adaptation Traits 124
Aggression Traits 131
Summary 142
Key Terms 142
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 6
Paradigms and Communication Theory 83
Persuasion Approaches 143
Paradigms and Communication Theory 83
The Covering Laws Perspective 84
Positivistic versus Probabilistic Conception
of Laws 86
Discovering Certain “Laws” of
Communication 87
“Tools” of the Law-Governed Communication
Researcher 89
Strengths of the Laws Perspective 90
Weaknesses of the Laws Perspective 90
Conceptualizing Persuasion 144
Six Dimensions of Persuasion Situations 146
Self-awareness and Persuasion 146
Approaches to Understanding Persuasion 147
The Variable-Analytical Approach 147
Personality Traits and Persuasion 149
Research on Message Variables 152
The Source Credibility Approach 157
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 159
Ego-Involvement,or Social Judgment Theory 162
Contents
The Theory of Reasoned Action 165
The Theory of Planned Behavior 169
Elaboration Likelihood Theory 172
Compliance-Gaining Message Selection 176
Cialdini’s Persuasive Heuristics 179
Preventing Persuasion 181
Summary 183
Key Terms 183
CHAPTER 7
Verbal Behavior Approaches 185
Signs, Symbols, and Signals 185
Language and Meaning 187
Language and Perception 188
Theory of Linguistic Relativity 188
Question Phrasing 190
Language and Power 191
Communicating Power and Status 191
Sex, Gender, and Power: Differences in Verbal
Behavior 192
Language Intensity and Opinionation 193
Theoretical Approaches to Verbal Behavior 196
Language Expectancy Theory 199
The Conversation and Discourse Analytic
Perspectives 205
Conversation Analysis Theory 209
Summary 213
Key Terms 213
CHAPTER 8
Nonverbal Behavior Approaches 215
Affective-Cognitive Dimensions of
Communication 216
Contextual Nature of Nonverbal
Communication 217
Nonverbal Behavior and Intentionality 218
Nonverbal Communication Abilities 219
Functions of Nonverbal Communication 221
Sending Uncomfortable Messages 221
Forming Impressions 222
Making Relationships Clear 223
Regulating Interaction 224
Influencing People 225
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Reinforcing and Modifying Verbal Messages
226
Expectancy Violations Theory 227
Interaction Adaptation Theory 231
Strengths and Weaknesses of IAT 234
Nonverbal Immediacy and Cognitive Valence
Theory 235
An Extension of Nonverbal Immediacy—
Cognitive Valence Theory 238
Interpersonal Deception Theory 241
Summary 247
Key Terms 247
PART III
Theory Building in Communication
Contexts 249
CHAPTER 9
Interpersonal Contexts 251
Uncertainty Reduction Theory 252
Three Stages of Initial Interactions 252
Uncertainty Reduction Axioms 252
Uncertainty Reduction Theorems 253
Moving Beyond Initial Interaction Stages 255
Strategies to Reduce Uncertainty 256
A Test of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 256
Predicted Outcome Value Theory 257
Attraction Theories and Relational
Development 258
The Interpersonal Goal-Oriented theory of
Attraction 258
Reinforcement Theory and Attraction 259
Similarity and Interpersonal Attraction 260
Evaluating the Attraction-Reinforcement
Research 261
Relationship Interaction Stages Model 263
The Theory of Interpersonal Communication
Motives 265
Two Rules-based /Human Action General Theories
of Communication 269
Constructivism 269
Coordinated Management of Meaning 272
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Contents
A Systems Model of Relational Interaction 276
Summary 277
Key Terms 277
CHAPTER 10
Group Context 279
Nature of Groups 279
Group Size 279
Types of Groups 280
Roles 281
Leadership 283
Conflict 285
Conformity 286
Functional Theory of Group Decision Quality 288
Theory of Groupthink 290
Multiple Sequence Model of Group Decisions 294
Summary 298
Key Terms 298
CHAPTER 11
Organizational Contexts 299
Classical Management Perspectives 299
Scientific Management Theory 300
Bureaucracy Management Theory 301
Effective Management Theory 301
Human Relations Management Perspectives 303
Human Resource Management Perspective 305
System 4 Management Theory 305
X, Y Management Theory 306
Theory Z of Management 307
Model I and Model II Theory 309
Managerial Grid Theory 310
Theory of Independent Mindedness 313
Theories of Organizational Leadership 315
Trait Approach to Leadership 315
Situational Approach to Leadership 317
Exchange Approaches to Leadership 317
Worker Motivational Theories 319
Hierarchy of Needs Theory 320
Motivator Hygiene Theory 320
Acquired Needs Theory 322
Organizational Socialization 323
Model of Organizational Assimilation 323
Organizational Information Processing 325
Information Systems Theory 325
Organizational Ethical Perspectives and
Theories 326
Practices of Ethical Organizations 330
Summary 331
Key Terms 332
CHAPTER 12
Mass Media Contexts 335
Mass Communication in Contemporary
Society 335
Early Theory-building Efforts in Mass
Communication 337
The “Magic Bullet”Theory 337
The Two-Step Flow Theory 338
Diffusion Theory 339
The Functional Approach to Mass Communication
Theory 340
Agenda-setting Theory and Mass
Communication 342
Mass Communication and Parasocial
Interaction 344
Influences of Interpersonal Communication
Theory 345
Measuring Parasocial Interaction 346
Uses and Gratifications Theory 348
Objectives of the Theory 348
Examples of Uses and Gratifications Research
349
Criticisms of the Theory 353
Cultivation Theory 354
The Interaction of Media and Reality 354
Heavy versus Light Television Viewers 355
Refinement of Cultivation Theory 356
Criticisms of the Theory 356
The Spiral of Silence Theory 357
Media Dependency Theory 361
Theories of Mediated Interpersonal
Communication 365
A Theory of Mediated Interpersonal
Communication 366
Social Information Processing Theory 367
Summary 370
Key Terms 371
Contents
CHAPTER 13
APPENDIX A
Tributary Contexts 373
Communication Research Methods 423
Family Communication 374
Conceptualizations of the Family 374
Characteristics of the Family Communication
Context 375
Families as Systems 376
Fitzpatrick’s Typology of Couple Types 378
Communication Privacy Management
Theory 379
The Argumentative Skill Deficiency Model of
Intrafamily Violence 384
Health Communication 385
Functions of Communication in the Health
Context 386
Communication Contexts within Health
Communication 387
The Systems Perspective 392
The Health Belief Model 394
Uncertainty Management Theory 397
Intercultural Communication 401
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management
Theory 401
Face Negotiation Theory 404
Model of Face Negotiation 406
Cultural Factors 406
Individual Factors 408
Relational/Situational Factors 409
Conflict Styles 409
Cross-Cultural Adaptation Theory 411
Political Communication 415
Symbolic Convergence Theory and Political
Communication 416
Agenda-Setting Theory in Political
Communication 417
A Constructivist View of Political
Communication 419
Summary 421
Key Terms 422
The Scientific Method 424
Fundamental Concepts 425
Variable 426
Definitions 428
Hypothesis 429
Research Questions 430
Sampling 431
Research Design 433
General Purpose of Research Design 434
Achieving Control by Random Assignment
435
Validity of Designs 436
Experimental Effects 439
Controlling Experimental Influence 440
Experimental Research Designs 441
Nonexperimental Research Designs 443
Measurement 446
Rating Scales 447
Behavioral Observation 449
Content Analysis 450
Physiological Measures 451
Summary 452
Key Terms 453
Conclusion
Glossary
455
459
References
505
Subject Index
Name Index
543
573
xi