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GCSE
RELIGIOUS STUDIES
BUDDHISM
For examination 2014 onwards
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1 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
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2 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Table of Contents
Belief about a Deity ................................................................................................................. 5
Nature of Gods:.................................................................................................................................. 5
Belief in Gods: .................................................................................................................................... 5
Miracles: ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Religious and Spiritual Experiences ................................................................................................... 7
Public and Private Worship:............................................................................................................... 7
Food and Fasting: ............................................................................................................................... 9
The End of Life ................................................................................................................................... 9
Body and Soul: ................................................................................................................................... 9
Life after Death: ............................................................................................................................... 10
Good and Evil ........................................................................................................................ 11
Coping with Suffering: ..................................................................................................................... 11
Religion, Reason and Revelation...................................................................................................... 12
Form and Nature of Revelation: ...................................................................................................... 12
Authority and Importance of Sacred Texts: ..................................................................................... 13
Religion and Science .............................................................................................................. 14
Origins of the World and Life: .......................................................................................................... 14
People and Animals: ........................................................................................................................ 14
Environmental Issues ....................................................................................................................... 15
Religion and Human Relationships ......................................................................................... 16
Roles of Men and Women in the Family: ........................................................................................ 16
Divorce: ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Sexual Relationships and Contraception: ........................................................................................ 17
Religion and Medical Ethics ................................................................................................... 18
Attitudes towards Abortion: ............................................................................................................ 18
Attitudes to Euthanasia and Suicide: ............................................................................................... 19
Religion, Poverty and Wealth ................................................................................................ 20
Moral and Immoral Occupations: .................................................................................................... 21
Religion, Peace and Justice .................................................................................................... 22
Attitudes to the War: ....................................................................................................................... 22
Violence and Pacifism: ..................................................................................................................... 22
Crime and Punishment: ................................................................................................................... 22
Social Injustice: ................................................................................................................................ 23
Religion and Equality ....................................................................................................................... 24
3 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Principle of Equality: ........................................................................................................................ 24
Attitudes towards Racism: ............................................................................................................... 24
Attitudes towards Gender ............................................................................................................... 25
Attitudes to Religion: ....................................................................................................................... 25
Forgiveness and Reconciliation: ...................................................................................................... 25
Religion and the Media .................................................................................................................... 26
Relationship with the Media:........................................................................................................... 26
Use of the Media: ............................................................................................................................ 26
Censorship/ Freedom of Speech:..................................................................................................... 26
4 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Belief about a Deity
Nature of Gods:
Deity: is a god or a goddess. They have divine status and are a supreme being.
Beliefs about the nature of Gods:
Buddhism teaches that discussing the nature of Gods is unhelpful. However Buddhists are taught
that they should be tolerant to all faiths and their Gods. Deities trapped within the cycle of samsara
(cycle of birth, death and rebirth) in a godly realm. Buddhists believe that belief in a God gives a false
sense of security and stops them in their journey towards enlightenment. Buddhists can make
progress towards enlightenment when they don’t focus on a God. It takes Gods longer to reach
nibbana because they are waiting for rebirth into a godly realm. Buddhists do not believe that a
godly realm is the best to be reborn into; human rebirth is much more desirable.
Reasons for views on the limited status of the Gods:
There is no proof to show the existence of a God. Buddhists believe that there is a limited status of
Gods as they have not reached nibbana (eternal happiness, final goal of Buddhism), nor understand
dukka (associated with the first noble truth, temporary suffering). Some Buddhists believe that
through teachings and worship, Gods can be known and believed to exist.
Belief in Gods:
Founding story:
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama around 2,500 years ago. Siddhartha was born into a
rich family, surrounded by comfort and luxury. He was so protected that he was never allowed leave
the palace grounds. He married young and had a son. Siddhartha was not happy behind the walls of
the palace and one day he decided to escape. There he was shocked by what he saw. Outside the
palace wall he saw an old man, a sick man, a dead man and a monk. He realised that he knew
nothing about suffering, death and ageing. Although the monk had no possessions and carrying a
begging bowl, he seemed happy with life. Siddhartha wanted to understand this all further so on
that day he vowed that his life would be like the monks.
Siddhartha gave up his life of luxury and began a life of prayer and fasting with some monks. He
didn’t find the answers he was looking for and he was starting to feel unwell from the fasting so
decided to move on. Siddhartha had found the middle way, which is the life lived between hardship
and luxury. This made him think about the meaning of life and the causes of suffering. He sat under a
Bodhi tree and meditated. When he opened his eyes he knew he had found a way out of the
suffering around him. He had become enlightened. This night is called the ‘Sacred Night’ by
Buddhists. Siddhartha preached a sermon on the Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path. People
were impressed with his ideas and become his followers. They called him Buddha which means ‘The
Enlightened One’.
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Evidence:
After Buddha’s death his teachings were passed on by word of mouth. Siddhartha’s followers
eventually started to write down his teachings. Arguments rose over the interpretations of the rules
and this brought about a split in Buddhism.
Buddhists beliefs on Buddha:
-Founder of Buddhism.
-A superhuman man.
-Provided teachings on looking at our own behaviours, actions and words.
-Provided followers with details on how to live a way of life that would lead to eternal happiness.
The Four Noble Truths:
1) All life involves suffering.
2) The cause of suffering.
3) The end of suffering.
4) The way to end suffering.
The Five Precepts:
1) Not to kill.
2) Not to steal.
3) Be chaste.
4) Not to tell lies.
5) Not to take drink or drugs.
The Eightfold Path:
1) Right viewpoint.
2) Right intention.
3) Right speech.
4) Right conduct.
5) Right work.
6) Right effort.
7) Right mindfulness.
8) Right meditation.
Miracles:
Miracle: an extraordinary or remarkable event that brings about a wonderful consequence. It
normally happens beyond the laws of nature.
Belief on miracles in Buddhism:
-In Theravada Buddhism they believe that those who have reached nibbana are able to perform
miracles but are told to refrain from doing so unless it helps someone along the path to
enlightenment.
-In the Mahayana tradition Buddhists and bodhisattvas can perform miracles to help people on the
path towards enlightenment.
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-Other miracles are seen in the life of the Buddha, for example he could read minds and float
through air. However Buddha taught the people that the greatest miracle they could perform is the
miracle of Dharma which destroys all suffering.
Bodhisattva: a person who is able to reach nirvana and comes back to earth to help others.
How bodhisattvas can help Buddhists:
Buddhists believe that bodhisattvas can meditate on behalf of people and are the object of
mediation. They also believe that they can deliver teachings. They can perform miracles to help
people on the path of enlightenment (Both in Pali and Sanskit scriptures there are details of miracles
associated with bodhisattvas).
Religious and Spiritual Experiences
Public and Private Worship:
Symbol: a thing that represents or stands for something else. It can also be seen as a representation
of ideas and beliefs.
Buddhism is rich in symbols. Symbols are important because they can aid contemplation. Feelings
can be expressed through symbols instead of words. Symbols allow Buddhists to focus their minds
on spiritual development. However a lot of worship in Buddhism takes place in the form of silences
or meditation. Some Buddhists believe that symbols distract them in worship.
Symbols used in Buddhism:
-Flowers.
-Candles.
-Offerings.
-Statue of Buddha (central feature).
-The Wheel of Life.
-Mandalas.
-Incense.
Worship: is the expression of reverence and adoration of a deity.
Some Buddhists worship to remind them that nibbana can be achieved and it develops their
generosity. Worship also is a sign of respect towards Buddha. It allows Buddhists to focus on the
important things in life including the Buddhist teachings.
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Worship in the home:
-Part-taking in meditation.
-Decorating an image of Buddha with flowers.
-Sitting in silence and listening.
-Parts of the sacred text may be recited.
-Observing festivals within Buddhism.
-Burning of incense.
-Bowls of water and vases of flowers.
-Following the eightfold path.
-Puja offerings (expressions of honour, worship and devotional attention).
How respect is shown to the Buddha when worshipping:
This is very similar to worship in the home. Buddhists take off their shoes before entering the
temple. When worshipping in front of the statue of the Buddha, all Buddhists hold hands while
kneeling and bowing. Buddhists make offerings to the shrine.
Vihara: is a Buddhist temple or a monastery.
This is where Buddhists go to worship. There may be another sacred building near the temple. It
contains relics of the Buddha. This building is called the pagoda in China and Japan and in India it is
called the stupa. It is a tall, narrow building. People make offerings to the holy relic.
Features of a vihara:
-Candles.
-Incense.
-Statue of the Buddha.
-Shrine room.
-Flowers.
-Upward spire which symbolises wisdom.
-Offerings.
-A structure symbolising the five elements.
Meditation:
Meditation: a devotional exercise of or leading to contemplation.
Types of meditation:
Samantha
Development of concentration.
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Vipassana
Development of insight.
Purpose of meditation:
Meditation is a strict spiritual discipline. It gives a person control over their body and mind, control
cravings and change attitudes. It gives Buddhists time to think about the meaning of life. By parttaking in meditation people are able to reach a higher form of consciousness. Meditation aims to
allow Buddhists to become more like Buddha (kind, loving and compassionate). Meditation helps
Buddhists in their path towards enlightenment. Texts from sacred writings may be used to meditate
upon.
Pureland Buddhism (East Asia) – do not use meditation.
Mahayan Buddhism – meditation may be said to the bodhisattas to help them on their path to
nibbana.
Food and Fasting:
Fasting: is to go without food for a period of time, especially as a religious observance.
Buddhists beliefs on fasting:
Buddhists believe that fasting is used as a discipline for spiritual enlightenment. However Buddhism
teaches that fasting does not stop dukkha and followers should eat to stay healthy. Buddha
emphasised moderation which avoids extremes of all things. Even fasting for short periods of time
teaches Buddhists not to be greedy and helps teach them about the value of food. Meditation can
cleanse the body and mind, which allows Buddhists to reach deeper levels of meditation.
The End of Life
Body and Soul:
Anatta: means no unchanging self. It is the doctrine stating the nonexistence of a personal and
immortal soul.
Skandhas (five parts that make up a person):
-The body and its origins.
-Feelings.
-Perceptions.
-Impulses.
-Consciousness.
Relationship between the body and soul:
Buddhists believe that there is no permanent soul in any living thing. The soul is not important to
Buddhists. The five components that make up a person fall apart when a person dies and reassemble
into another body. Buddhists believe that a person has more than one life. They believe that they
continue to be reborn until they exist the cycle of samsara. Although Buddhists do not believe in a
soul, they believe that the self changes and evolves into a new birth. Buddhism teaches that nothing
stays the same throughout life; therefore the idea of a soul remaining after death does not exist.
9 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Ways in which Buddhists can seek enlightenment:
-Meditation and worship.
-Following the Noble Eightfold Path.
-Self-discipline.
-Become a bhikkhu (a Buddhist monk).
Life after Death:
Rebirth: the process of being reincarnated or born again.
Buddhists try and live a good and spiritual life in the hope that they will secure a higher status in the
next life. The only way to stop being reborn is to reach nibbana through enlightenment. This is the
reason why Buddhists follow the Eightfold Path.
Samsara: is the endless cycle of a person being born, living, dying and born again. It is the endless
round of existence.
Kamma: means action or doing. Also known as karma. For Buddhism it is the process in where there
is a consequence for every action.
Buddhists will try aim for good kamma as they believe it determines what realm they are reborn
into.
Nibbana: is the final goal for Buddhists.
Attaining nibbana means freedom from the cycle of samsara and the three poisons (greed, hatred
and delusion). The Buddhist can achieve this state whilst living on Earth. When the person is free
from rebirths they will also be free from dukkha. Buddhists don’t focus on the bereavement of
someone, instead they focus on a better rebirth for the next life.
Death:
Buddhists do not fear death; they believe that it is a stepping stone towards nibbana. On death, the
person is washed and placed in a coffin. They are then surrounded by flowers. The coffin is carried to
the temple by family and friends. Mourners share a celebratory meal and little grief is shown.
Buddhists believe that death is a release from suffering. The body can be cremated or buried. If the
body is cremated, ashes can be scattered in the nearby lake or river.
10 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Good and Evil
Good: that which is morally right or righteous.
Evil: immorality and wickedness, especially when regarded as a supernatural force. Evil can result in
suffering.
Buddhists tend not to think about things in terms of good and evil. This is because they believe that
they are not the ones able to make this decision or judge. Dukkha may be seen as a way of
understanding evil for Buddhists. Buddhism is about defeating this evil.
Causes of evil:
-Natural events.
-Giving way to the three poisons (greed, hatred and ignorance).
-Human and moral choices.
-Tanha (desire or thirst).
-War, torture, rape and murder.
Coping with Suffering:
How Buddhists cope with suffering:
-Focus on mindfulness through meditation.
-Avoid dependence on things that don’t last (detachment).
-The Buddha, dharma and sangha (the three refuges).
Understanding ways of coping with suffering through kamma:
Every action in our life creates kamma. Buddhists believe that they must live a series of lives before
they reach nibbana. Negative kamma is brought about by unskilful action which causes suffering. In
order to avoid suffering good actions need to be practiced.
Buddhists believe that following the teachings of Buddha leads to the creation of good kamma. This
helps with rebirth. Rebirth then helps in the progress towards nibbana, good kamma leads to a
positive rebirth.
The three refuges:
-Taking refuge in the Buddha: accepting that a person can become fully enlightened just like the
Buddha.
-Taking refuge in the dharma: understanding the Four Noble Truths and following the Noble
Eightfold Path.
-Taking refuge in the sangha: looking for support from those who follow the Noble Eightfold Path.
This is the first step towards Nibbana.
Detachment: can be described as non-attachment. It is a state in which a person overcomes his or
her attachment to desire for people and things.
Buddhists believe that clinging very strongly to anything or anyone can cause us problems. It means
that suffering can arise from the loss of these things or people.
11 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Sources and Reasons for Moral Behaviour:
Moral: concerned with the principles of right and wrong behaviour.
To behave morally Buddhists can:
-Mediate.
-Give to charity.
-Help others.
-Follow the teachings of the Buddha.
-Implement the Noble Eightfold Path.
-Follow the Four Noble Truths.
Immoral: not conforming to accepted standards of morality.
Conscience: a person’s sense of right or wrong.
Guidance of moral behaviour in Buddhism:
-Talking with other Buddhists.
-Reading the scriptures.
-Part-taking in cultural traditions.
-The Four Noble Truths.
-The Eightfold Path.
-The Five Precepts.
-Following the example of the Buddha.
-Getting advice from other monks.
-Avoiding Mara (Satan who tried to seduce the Buddha at the time of his Enlightenment)
-Skilful and unskilful actions.
Religion, Reason and Revelation
Form and Nature of Revelation:
Buddha: Means ‘Enlightened One’. It was the name given to Siddhartha Gautama by his followers.
The Buddha represents a link to nibbana and is a source of inspiration for Buddhists.
Enlightenment: For Buddhists this is being awakened to the truths that Buddha saw. It is the ultimate
religious experience which seen the end of dukkha.
Revelation: the way God chooses to make himself known to human beings.
Buddhists believe that revelation is important as it gives personal knowledge or experience of
ultimate truth. Buddhists argue that without revelation their faith would not exist. Some Buddhists
feel that they must work to reveal ultimate truths to themselves.
12 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Types of revelation in Buddhism:
-Reading scriptures.
-Miracles.
-Buddha.
-Mystical experiences.
-Bodhisattvas.
-Natural world.
How Buddhists work towards nibbana:
-Detachment.
-Meditation.
-Following the teachings of Buddha.
-Following the Four Noble Truths.
-Following the Noble Eightfold Path.
How Buddhists meditate:
-Clearing the mind.
-Breathing exercises.
-Reciting mantras.
-The four measureless states); metta (loving kindness), upekkha (equanimity), karuna (compassion)
and mudita (sympathetic joy).
-Using mandalas (circular figure representing the universe in Buddhism).
How bodhisattvas reveal ultimate truths for Buddhists:
Bodhisattvas are closer to enlightenment than others and therefore full of wisdom. Buddhists
believe that bodhisattvas are able to perform miracles. It is also believed that bodhisattvas can help
Buddhists on the road to nibbana. Some Buddhists meditate or image them to reveal truth.
Authority and Importance of Sacred Texts:
Sacred: connected with God or a God or dedicated to a religious purpose. Associated with being
holy, divine or Godly.
The Buddha never wrote anything down. After his death his teachings were passed down by word of
mouth.
Buddhist Scriptures:
-The Tipitaka (The Vinaya, the Abhidhamma and the Sutra)
-The Sutras.
-The Pali Canon.
13 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
The Tipitaka (Three Baskets):
This is a collection of Buddha’s teachings written in Pali. It means three baskets because the writers
wrote the teachings on palm leaves which were then stored in baskets.
1) Vinaya means discipline. In Buddhism this means discipline involving rules for monks and nuns on
how to live like Buddha.
2) Adhidhamma means teaching. In Buddhism this is explanation on Buddha’s teachings.
3) Sutra means instruction. This is the main teachings of Buddhism.
Religion and Science
Origins of the World and Life:
Origins of humanity: is the way in which humans came into existence. It is the beginning of the
human race.
Cyclical universe: can be defined as a universe that is constantly destroyed and then re-created.
Buddhists’ views on creation:
Buddha refused to answer questions on how the earth was created as he believed they were
unhelpful. Buddhists today follow the same view and believe that questions like that don’t help in
following Buddha’s teachings. Due to the fact that Buddhists believe the universe is cyclical, they
follow the belief that it doesn’t have a beginning or an end.
Role of humanity in the world:
Buddhists believe that all living things are part of the cycle of samsara. Based on this they believe
that everyone has been an animal in a previous life. Buddhists believe they have a duty to look after
and care for life. One of Buddhists role in life is aiming to achieve nibbana. It is hoped that one day
they will become a boddhisatva and help others escape the cycle. Humans have a great
responsibility as they are the ones that can do the most damage to life.
People and Animals:
Uses of animals that Buddhists find unacceptable:
-Food.
-Cosmetic testing.
-Medical or scientific testing.
-Cloning.
-Genetic engineering.
-Fur or leather clothing.
-Circus performances.
-Intensive farming.
14 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Attitudes to animals and their treatment:
Belief in the cycle of samsara means that there are very little differences between human and
animals. Humans may be seen as having additional value because Buddhists are closer to exiting the
cycle of samsara as humans. Some Buddhists are vegetarians but not all of them. This is an example
of the middle way.
Medical testing on animals:
Buddhists believe that medical testing could be used to relieve some human suffering. When looking
at the Middle Path, Buddhists support medical testing of animals on the grounds that there is lack of
a suitable alternative.
Environmental Issues:
Environmental problems: are any damages that are done to the planet by humans. They can have a
negative impact on the ecosystems.
Examples of how human beings are damaging the environment:
-Depletion of fossil fuels.
-Pollution.
-Overpopulation.
-Lack of resources.
-Destroying of ecosystems.
-Deforestation.
-Destruction of the ozone layer.
Reasons why Buddhists believe in being eco-friendly:
-Good kamma.
-Ahimsa (respect for all living things and avoidance of violence towards others).
-Metta (the need to be compassionate).
-The cycle of samsara.
Buddhists’ reasons for caring for the environment:
-The Five Precepts.
-The Noble Eightfold path.
-The Cycle of Rebirth (not everyone is going to be reborn as a human).
15 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Religion and Human Relationships
Roles of Men and Women in the Family:
Role of the Buddhist man in a family:
Men and women are considered to have an equal role. Men should show respect to their wife and
are normally the head of the household. Women are taught to be a companion and friend and not a
slave. Both men and women are expected to share equal responsibility. There are equal education
opportunities for men and women. Marriage differs on the culture in an area. Some roles are seen as
‘natural’ because of biology, for example, the role of a mother in child-rearing.
Roles within the vihara:
Traditionally men take the organisational role within the vihara, this mean that they are usually
involved in leading activities. The monastic regime can be assessed by both men and women so both
perform the role of monk.
Marriage:
Marriage: a sacrament for the legal joining of a man and woman. It is a commitment for life.
In Buddhism there is no marriage ceremony or wedding ritual. Customs vary on the different
countries. Couples will receive a blessing. Families get together to celebrate the event. In Thailand,
the wedding takes place in the family home and a monk comes to the house to bless the home and
read the scriptures. The monks are presented with food in hope that it will bring the couple
happiness. A drop of water is placed on the head of the bride and groom as a blessing by all the
married couples there. All guests are presented with a flower.
Importance of marriage to a Buddhist:
-Family is seen as a foundation for society.
-Importance of having children.
-Marriage is an appropriate setting for a fulfilling sexual relationship and the upbringing of children.
-Provides security for a couple.
-Responds to the human feeling of love and compassion.
-Reasons may depend on culture.
Buddhist view on sex before marriage:
Buddhists believe that it is better to leave sex until after marriage. Some Buddhists feel that sex
before marriage is against one of the five precepts. Buddhists believe that an unwelcome pregnancy
may lead to suffering. Some beliefs may be influenced by culture. Sex before marriage can be
considered a sin.
Civil partnership: a legal status giving to the union of a same-sex couple, with rights similar to those
of a civil marriage.
16 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Some Buddhist cultures accept civil partnership as long as it is built on love and compassion and
promotes non-harming. However some cultures reject civil partnership. Sexual relationships
encourage attachment and craving and therefore some Buddhists think they should be avoided. A
sexual relationship is valuable but should be more than just a physical one.
Divorce:
Divorce: the legal ending of a marriage.
Buddhists believe that divorce is sometimes inevitable. Couples seeking a divorce would be first
advised to try sort out their differences. Divorce should be treated in line with the first precept to
minimise suffering. Some cultures may not accept divorce, or make it difficult for it to happen.
Reasons for seeking a divorce:
-Lack of love.
-Couple drifting apart.
-Cruelty.
-Adultery.
-Desertion.
-Refusal to have children.
-Breakdown due to unreasonable behaviour.
Attitudes towards re-marriage:
Cultural factors have a big role to play. It is usually accepted in the case of a widow. Divorce will also
depend on the reason for break-up. The fourth precept on sexual misconduct will give guidance to
Buddhist on this.
Sexual Relationships and Contraception:
Contraception: is the deliberate use of artificial methods in preventing the creation of life.
Buddhists accept IUD (intrauterine contraceptive device) and the pill. Buddhists believe that
contraception only delays the process and therefore is accepted. Methods which destroy the
fertilised egg are not accepted. Contraception is seen as a way of preventing harm and suffering.
Celibacy: the state of refraining from marriage and sexual relations.
Buddhists believe that staying celibate avoid cravings and desires which would distract them on their
path of enlightenment. Celibacy helps promote calmness which is important for meditation. Celibacy
is seen as a positive power. It is seen as a devotion to the monastic life.
Monastic Sangha: the name given to the Buddhist community in Theravada Buddhists. It is a
requirement that members of a Monastic Sangha are celibate.
Members of the Monastic Sangha choose to stay celibate as they believe that it helps them reaching
nibbana. It helps them avoid cravings and attachment which comes with sexual desire.
17 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Religion and Medical Ethics
Attitudes towards Abortion:
Abortion: is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy.
In 1967 the Abortion Act was passed in England, Wales and Scotland which made abortion legal. In
1990 a new limit of 24 weeks was decided upon.
Reasons for seeking abortion in the UK:
-The life of the mother is at risk (either physically or mentally).
-The child will be born with serious disabilities.
-Pregnancy has been brought about by rape.
-Existing family or children will suffer.
Buddhist view on abortion:
Buddhism teaches that life should not be destroyed. Buddhists are against abortion as they feel that
it is the taking of a life. Abortion could bring about bad kamma which could have a negative role to
play on future lives. Buddhists are expected to take full responsibility for their actions and the
consequences that follow. Consequences may vary depending on the level of mindfulness that went
into the decision. Moral status depends on the intentions of those carrying it out. Buddhists may be
influenced by the culture of the country they live in.
Attitudes to Fertility Treatments:
Cloning: is the making of exact copies of a living thing that are genetically identical.
Buddhists believe in natural order to the world. Some advantages of cloning seen by Buddhists are
the fact that it could help create cures for diseases or relieve suffering. However the cloning of
animals could be seen as an attempt to develop the perfect human. The destruction of human
embryos through cloning is wrong.
Fertility treatment: are methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.
Some Buddhists may feel unhappy about the destruction of embryos that are left over after the IVF
process as this goes against the first precept. Buddhists would also want to make sure that the
intentions behind the fertility treatment are good. Some Buddhists may have concerns about the
possibility of suffering that could be experienced by children born as a result of donated eggs and
sperm, such as not knowing biological parents. Therefore the wellbeing of the child is important.
Donating sperm and eggs could be seen as an act of compassion which relates to the third precept.
18 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Attitudes to Euthanasia and Suicide:
Euthanasia: is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease.
Types of Euthanasia:
Voluntary Euthanasia
Where the person asks someone for help to
die.
Example: Asking to help with an overdose.
Involuntary Euthanasia
Carried out without the consent of the
person.
Example: The switching off of a life support
machine.
Buddhist view on euthanasia:
According to Buddhism, they believe that euthanasia is the breaking of the first precept and
therefore considered murder. Followers are taught that euthanasia will not relieve the suffering
being experienced in the long run. However, medication which may extend life but causes pain can
be seen as breaking the first precept too. Active euthanasia is considered as murder, whilst passive
euthanasia is alright. Helping someone to end their life just puts that person in a bad mental state.
Some Buddhists see it as a compassionate action especially in the case where they are helping
someone towards a better rebirth.
Suicide: is the action of killing oneself intentionally.
Buddhist view on abortion:
Buddhists have different views on suicide. Some Buddhists believe that suicide causes suffering
coming from the loss of the person who has taken their own life. Buddhism teaches that suicide is
not a good end to life and that it will affect their next life. It is not a selfless end. Suicide is accepted
by some Buddhists when enlightenment has been achieved.
Using Animals in Medical Research:
Buddhists believe that some medical research goes against the first precept. Buddhists believe in the
cycle of samsara and therefore believe that the animal could be a relation by rebirth and treat
animals like their family. Some Buddhists believe that animals should only be used when there is not
other alternative and it reduces the suffering of humans. Every animal should be treated with
respect as they are a form of life. Buddhism teaches that the person carrying out the
experimentation on the animal must take responsibility for the kamma that follows. Buddhists
believe that animals have souls.
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Religion, Poverty and Wealth
Religious Views of Wealth and the Causes of Hunger, Poverty and Disease:
Poverty: is the state of being extremely poor with little material possessions.
Buddhism teaches that compassion should be shown at all times. Buddha encouraged that wealthy
people should support the poor. Monastic work is often considered as helping the poor. Buddha
taught that excessive wealth won’t help with relieving suffering. The middle way is recommended.
Failure to help others could lead to an unfavourable rebirth.
Charity: provides money for people in need.
Examples of charity:
-Doing volunteer work or working for a charity.
-Giving to charity.
-Doing good things without reward.
-Paying off someone debts.
Buddhist belief on what causes disease:
Poor medical services as a result of poverty
or war.
Drought.
Mismanagement of the economy.
Poor sanitation.
Religious response.
Natural disasters.
Buddhist belief on what causes world
hunger:
Drought.
War.
Famine.
Natural Disasters.
Political Reasons.
Greed.
Concern for Others:
Buddhists believe that giving without seeking anything in return increases a persons’ spiritual
wealth. Buddhists are always advised to show compassion. This can be shown by giving to charity. By
giving to charity Buddhists are following the eightfold path, especially right action by offering
compassion. All five precepts promote caring for others.
The Uses of Money:
Gambling: taking risky action in the hope of a desired result. Examples include buying a lottery
ticket, going to the casino or betting on horses and dogs.
If gambling produces evil consequences it can be considered wrong. Buddhism follow the belief that
gambling can be negative as it risks what you have in the hope of getting more. Gambling can
become an addiction. Some Buddhists believe that gambling is alright in moderation.
Lending: granting someone the use of something on the understanding that it will be returned.
Bribes are forbidden in Buddhism. Money should only come from a result of hard work. Buddhism
doesn’t believe in materialism and therefore money should be spent for the good of the family and
20 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
the community. Materialism is seen as greedy. Some Buddhists believe that excess wealth corrupts
people.
Moral and Immoral Occupations:
Moral occupation: An occupation which is acceptable to a religion and its followers.
Examples: Doctor, teacher, charity worker and catering.
Immoral occupation: An occupation that does not conform to acceptable standards of behaviour.
Examples: Butcher, pornography publisher, manager of a casino and any occupation that exploits
others.
Buddhist views on immoral occupations:
One area of the eightfold path that Buddhists should aim towards is right livelihood. The occupation
choice of followers should be in line with the teachings of the Buddha and the five precepts. For
example a Buddhist shouldn’t be a butcher as it breaks the precept of no harming. If an occupation is
illegal or can have a negative affect on society it is seen as immoral by its followers. If a person parttakes in immoral employment it may affect their achievement of nibbana.
21 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Religion, Peace and Justice
Attitudes to the War:
War: is a state of armed conflict between different countries or different groups within a country.
Attitudes of Buddhists towards war:
Some Buddhist may believe that war is wrong due to scriptural teaching and may refuse to take part
in it. As a result they might put pressure on the government to stop it. Some Buddhists may decide
to fight in a war if it can be justified. Other Buddhists may decide to work as volunteers and help
people harmed by war.
Ahimsa: means ‘non-injury’ and ‘non-killing’. It means completely avoiding anything that could harm
any living thing.
Buddhist belief of ahimsa:
Buddhists believe that the role of ahimsa within the Five Precepts and the Noble Eightfold Path can
help in the achievement of nibbana. Ahimsa can have many implications for the life of a Buddhist.
For example it gives them a lot to think about in relation to part-taking in wars and vegetarianism.
Ahimsa is positive in the sense that it is always working to protect people from harm.
Violence and Pacifism:
Pacifism: is the idea that it is always wrong to use violence.
Reasons why Buddhists might be pacifists:
-To gain kamma.
-War achieves suffering only.
-Violence can never be justified.
-Buddhists should be detached from cravings so have nothing to gain.
-Two wrongs don’t make a right.
-Buddhists follow the doctrine of ahimsa.
-Buddhists are taught to show compassion to all.
-Peaceful protests can be used as an alternative to war.
Crime and Punishment:
Justice: can be described as just behaviour or treatment.
Aims of punishment:
-Protection – To protect society from the criminal and to also protect the criminal from causing
further harm.
-Retribution – Making the Criminal pay for what they have done (e.g. Revenge/An Eye for an Eye).
-Deterrence –Putting other criminals off from committing the crime.
-Reformation – To try and change the criminal for the better.
-Vindication – To ensure that people respect the law and that they are serious.
22 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Capital Punishment: is the legal authorised killing of someone as a punishment for crime. It is
brought about by the death penalty.
No crime justifies the killing of a human being. Capital punishment does not allow time for reform.
Innocent people could be executed in the wrong. Buddhism is all about compassion and capital
punishment has a negative impact on this. Buddhism teaches that compassion offers the individual
time for reform. The first precept forbids Buddhists from causing harm and that seeking revenge
won’t help them on the path to enlightenment. Bad kamma also could have a consequence on the
rebirth of the individual carrying out or imposing capital punishment.
Criminal: is a person who has committed a crime or broken the law.
Buddhism teaches that criminals make their own punishment through the law of kamma. The aim of
punishment should be to allow the criminal to reform or for the protection of society. Buddhists
believe that criminals should be given a second chance.
Ways in which criminals can be punished:
-Death penalty/ capital punishment.
-Community service.
-Fine.
-Imprisonment.
-Curfew.
-Tagging.
-ASBO.
-Physical mutilation.
Social Injustice:
Social Justice: is justice in terms of the distribution of wealth. It is a society which treats people fairly.
Buddha favours a society where everyone is treated as equal and with compassion. For this reason
Buddhists are taught to work towards social justice. By reducing suffering, followers will achieve a
more favourable re-birth.
Social Injustice: is a concept on the unfairness of a society in its divisions and inequalities.
Examples include: being treated unfairly because of race, gender or religion, not getting a fair
hearing in court and being treated unfairly by police.
Ways in which Buddhists respond to social injustice:
-Taking part in peaceful demonstrations.
-Petitions.
-Civil disobedience (peaceful form of political protest).
-Charity work to alleviate the suffering of others.
-Trying to change society by standing for Parliament.
-Raising awareness and support.
-Setting a good example by following the teachings of Buddha (e.g. on ahimsa).
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-Campaigning through media.
-Joining organisations and helping victims of social injustice.
Religion and Equality
Principle of Equality:
Equality: the state of being equal, having equal status, rights and opportunities. It is treating all
people the same regardless of their differences.
Buddhist work for equality as they feel that by offering compassion to everyone they will get out of
the cycle of samsara.
Examples of inequality:
-Treating people differently because of their race, religion, gender, skin colour, age or sexuality.
-Islamophobia.
-Differences in wages for the same job.
-Not giving justice to poor people.
-Laws not being the same for everybody.
Ways in which Buddhists challenge inequality:
-Follow Buddhist teachings.
-Setting a good example.
-Ensuring equality.
-Part-taking in demonstrations and educating campaigners.
Attitudes towards Racism:
Prejudice: forming an opinion on someone based on something you know about them.
Examples: thinking that someone is less intelligent based on their race, judging someone because of
their nationality or skin colour and judging someone based on their age, sexuality or social class.
Stereotyping is also a form of prejudice.
Discrimination: is acting on your prejudice.
Racism: is discrimination or prejudice made against someone because of their race or colour.
Examples of Racism: Segregation, apartheid laws, refusing someone a job because of their race, and
rioting.
Buddhist attitudes towards racism:
Buddhists believe that racism makes no sense. Within Buddhism there is no creator God, therefore
they can not understand how one group of people would be more important than another. Racism
also goes against the teachings of Buddhism, especially the Noble Eightfold Path. Buddhists are
taught to follow a life of compassion; racism goes against this and doesn’t help on the path towards
enlightenment. Buddhists might use the scriptures to show people that racism is wrong.
24 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Attitudes towards Gender:
Sexism: is discrimination, prejudice or stereotyping made against someone based on their gender.
Examples: not giving someone a job because of their gender, believing someone is less intelligent
because of their gender and not giving someone equal opportunities because of their gender.
Equality in relation to gender in Buddhism:
In Buddhism there are no specific teachings on sexism. As a result Buddhists may have different
views on this topic. Some Buddhists may feel that men and women should not be treated as equal,
in the same way Buddha didn’t’ give the same roles to bhikkhus and bhikkhunis. However some
Buddhists may feel that in modern society both men and women need to be treated as equals. Both
men and women are able to be members of the Sangha and therefore both can reach
enlightenment. Buddhists believes that a society where one gender is treated with greater respect
than another just causes suffering. This goes against their teachings on compassion. For many,
women as mothers may be seen to have the most important role of all. Men are considered the
head of the household.
Attitudes to Religion:
Some other religions believe that Buddhism isn’t really a religion in some ways as there is no belief in
a God; instead it is seen more as a way of life. Buddha teaches his followers accept and reject
different ideas that are helpful for them. Buddhists are tolerant of other faiths.
Attitudes towards conversion:
The religion world would die out if there were no conversions; therefore the recruiting of new
members is important. However within Buddhism there isn’t as much influence on spreading the
word just an emphasis on alleviating suffering. Over the years Buddhism has managed to preserve its
simple core message. For Buddhists they don’t set out to seek new followers. Buddhists believe that
charity work is far more important than converting members.
Forgiveness and Reconciliation:
Forgiveness: is the act of forgiving or releasing feelings of anger towards someone for something
wrong they have done.
Buddhist views on forgiveness:
This relates back to the Buddhist teachings that compassion should be offered to everyone.
Buddhism teaches that you should treat people the same way you wanted to be treated. Holding
onto anger can distract a person on their path towards enlightenment. Buddhists believe that noone is perfect and as a result forgiveness is important.
Reconciliation: is seen as the restoration of friendly relations. It is the coming together after conflict.
Buddhist views on reconciliation:
Buddhists believe that reconciliation is important as it helps overcome anger and work towards
enlightenment. Buddhism teaches that compassion should always be encouraged. By using
reconciliation Buddhists are following the Noble Eightfold Path and the Five Precepts. Reconciliation
is one way of removing suffering from the world.
25 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Religion and the Media
Relationship with the Media:
Different forms of media:
-Television and film.
-Newspapers and magazines.
-Cartoons.
-Graphic novels.
-Internet.
-Social media.
-Art.
-Dance.
-Media.
Portrayal of Buddhism in the media:
Buddhism believes that the portrayal of key figures such as Buddha, the Emperor Asoka or the Dalai
Lama can exist in both film and novels. Buddhist ideas and values might be expressed through music
or drama. Television documentaries or magazine articles might exist on Buddhism.
Use of the Media:
Using the media to teach about Buddhism:
The media can be seen as an effective way in teaching about the life of Buddha and Buddhist
teachings. Media can have both positives and negatives. For example in relation to the internet,
people can discuss their beliefs on religion. On the negative side some religions may be
misrepresented and there is no control over this. Another positive with the media is that it can reach
new people and provide them with new ideas. This can lead to it creating a new kind of religious
community.
Censorship/ Freedom of Speech:
Censorship: is the suppression of freedom of speech which may be considered harmful, sensitive or
objectionable in the media.
Examples: the removal of certain language forms, removal of sexually explicit scenes, removal of
scenes of violence and the use of media to try portray a religious or political view.
Buddhist attitudes towards censorship:
The removal of violence scenes is positive as it may reduce the amount of people behaving violently.
Buddhists aim to follow the teachings of Buddha, with censorship people can live in accordance with
these principles. Censorship helps in the Buddhist faith for people to live as good Buddhists.
Censorship ensures that Buddha is not depicted in a disrespectful way. It also protects people from
harmful images that may destroy their spiritual development. Buddhists feel that censorship is
important as some forms of media can be harmful. Tibetan Buddhists believe that censorship is a
form of oppression and has a negative impact on freedom to speech.
26 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM
Buddhist views on:
Violence in the media:
Bad example for children.
Might encourage people to copy what they
see.
People might think that violence is
acceptable.
People might act in ways which is against
their Buddhist teachings.
Sex in the media:
Sexual images may be harmful for spiritual
development.
Does not encourage a respectful attitude
towards people.
Encourages unhealthy attitudes towards sex.
Goes against the Noble Eightfold Path and
one of the Five Precepts.
People are treated as objects instead of in a
loving way.
May prevent movement towards nibbana.
Buddhist view on freedom of speech:
Buddhists believe that everyone has freedom of speech and therefore they believe that the same
can be said for the media. The media has a role to play in upholding social justice. Within the
freedom of speech we would live in an oppressive society. When a person has a freedom of speech
they can make well balanced and informed decisions. However sometimes there should be limits on
freedom of speech to avoid offensiveness, therefore restrictions need to be in place. Buddhism fears
that with freedom to speech, Buddhism could be shown in a bad light.
27 GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES – BUDDHISM