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The Causes of the First World War A slow march to war The First World War is sometimes referred to as The Great War or The War to End All Wars. It began in the summer of 1914 and ended in the fall of 1918. Tensions had built up, over many years, between the powerful nations of Europe. There were four long-term causes for all the tension: •Militarism •Alliances •Imperialism •Nationalism The M.A.I.N. Causes Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Imperialism •The practice of establishing and controlling colonies •Competition is fierce and Britain and France are in the lead Nationalism •The patriotic feelings for one’s country or ethnic group •Many colonies are seeking independence •Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire are made up of many different ethnic groups Militarism -The glorification of the military. - A willingness to use the military. Artillery/Scale of War •Artillery pieces had become much more powerful. Battlefields got bigger as the range of artillery pieces got bigger. Larger battlefields, made it impossible for commanders to alter plans once they had been set in motion. War was highly attractive to the generation of Europeans before 1914. • Europeans had not fought a major war since 1815, so they had forgotten how horrible wars could be. •The small wars they had fought were short and did not have heavy casualties. •Winning a war was seen as a quick and easy way to accomplish something for the nation. Big Ass Cannon Mobilization Plans •The side who got the most men in the field, the earliest, gave their side the advantage. •Each nation opted for drafting masses of men, and for rapid mobilization plans to utilize them. Barbed Wire •Barbed wire made it difficult for attackers to get to the men they wished to attack. This gave the machine gun and artillery crews more time to shoot the soldiers attacking them. Alliances A network of agreements that commit countries to support each other, specifically in times of war. Setting the Stage • Several factors made a European war likely. • Constant military build up/success of mobilization. • Rivalry due to colonization • Nationalism and the strive for prestige • Above all, Europeans made alliances which ended the possibility of traditional two country warfare. • Alliances grew out of a fear of France. The Schlieffen Plan • Germany, like the rest of Europe, felt a war was coming, and made a battle plan early. • Germany had a big problem, if war broke out, they would most likely be attacked from 2 directions. • Their plan was that as soon as fighting began, they must immediately invade and conquer France by surprise, then focus on the other side of Europe. • Thought it would take Russia, and other larger countries longer to mobilize, buying them time to take over France. • Would most likely attack through Belgium, less defended. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJXAcl8D51Y •Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the AustroHungarian Empire married a woman, Countess Sophie Cotek, who was unacceptable to Emperor Franz Joseph and the rest of the Austrian nobility. As a result, Franz Ferdinand liked to get his wife out of the capital, Vienna, whenever possible so that she could receive the royal treatment he felt she deserved. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife pay an unfortunate visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia. Add Sarajevo and Serbia to map. •The Serbian terrorists group, The Black Hand, wanted to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand and his wife. One of the members of The Black Hand threw a bomb into the car Ferdinand was riding in. The bomb was thrown out of the car before it could explode. The numbers indicate the location where assassins were stationed along the parade route. The place where the bomb exploded Franz Ferdinand and Countess Sophie arrive safely at Sarajevo’s city hall. •Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife got back into their car to drive to the hospital – to check on the people hurt when the assassin’s bomb exploded. The driver of their car took a wrong turn. As the driver stopped the car to turn around, one of the members of The Black Hand rushed up to the car and shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. The place where the assassin shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. A Tragic Wrong Turn The assassin was caught just seconds after he shot http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_tNXFbx0 the Archduke and his wife. VY&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC_26YX MZd4 The Situation Continued… • Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina • Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914. In retaliation, the Austro-Hungarian Empire invades Serbia. • Looks to Russia For help • Austria is upset and must get backing from what country? • Germany b/c knows Serbia is backed by Russia • • • • Germany gives “blank check” to Austria Austria offers Serbia an ultimatum and Serbia accepts Austria rejects ultimatum and invades Serbia http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_AustroHungarian_Ultimatum_to_Serbia_%28English_translati on%29 The Situation Continued… • Russian troops align along Austria/German border • Germany declares war on Russia b/c fearful Russia will declare war on them • Who is Russia allied with? • France • Von Schlieffen Plan says attack on Western front, then Eastern front. • French troops aligned along border, so how invade? • Through Belgium and down to Paris • Belgium neutral, so Great Britain and Italy declare war • German troops blockade Britain, sink Lusitania (and other causes), get America involved in WWI Reading… Franz Ferdinand’s Car of Death • Path to War • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia • Russia mobilizes to help Serbia • Germany declares war on Russia and then its ally France-invades through Belgium. • Britain declares war on Germany for violating the neutrality of Belgium • Britain calls for soldiers from former and current colonies, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India • Italy backs out of Triple Alliance due to German attack, saying it was only for defensive purposes • First is neutral and then joins the Allies • Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria join Germany and Austria-Hungary to form the Central Powers The Dominoes Fall II. A European conflict becomes a true world war • European powers fight for control of African colonies as battles spread to Africa • Allies fight Ottoman Empire to gain access to the Black Sea and assist Arab nationalists fighting the Ottoman Empire for control of territory in the Middle East • Japan declares war on Germany and seizes Asian colonies • • Western Front • French troops able to force retreat of invading German forces at the Marne in September 1914 • Germany realizes it must fight a two-front war • Trench Warfare • Each side developed a series of mazelike trenches • Attacks took place in “No Man’s Land”, the area between the trenches • Conditions were bad: mud, trench foot, rats, disease • Little land is exchanged with high rates of casualties Reading… Trench Warfare Going Over the Top http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=RRv56gsqkzs&fe ature=related&safety_m ode=true&persist_safety Trench systems Trench Warfare & Weapons Troops in Action Places for soldiers to hide. Bunkers, dug deep underground, provided protection during artillery bombardments. Trench Rats • • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRv56g sqkzs&feature=related&safety_mode=true &persist_safety_mode=1 Miserable living conditions; rats, lice, mud. Dead people became the floor. Trenchfoot. Activity • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go0LprJwxaw • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KzqzIR8x4U&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=zJZttzblHFQ&feature=rel ated Weapons DETAILS • Poison Gas DETAILS IV. New Technology Changes Warfare • Technology at the outset of war • • Europeans still planned on a fairly quick war Mounted cavalry was making its final appearance • New weapons change warfare • Machine Guns: placed in positions to guard trenches • • Crossing “No Man’s Land” nearly impossible Helps cause stalemate on Western front • Poison Gas: most feared weapon of war • Introduced by Germans at Bolimow in East and Ypres, Belgium on Western Front • Most casualties were not fatal, but crippling • Mustard Gas: damage to skin and lungs • Chlorine/Phosgene: damages lungs by internal blistering, causing lung flooding and suffocation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY -3BNnbV_o&feature=related • Weapon: Poison gas Use: Terrorize enemy troops. Inflicts crippling and fatal injuries. Increased the barbarism of the war. Caused blindness, choking, vomiting, blisters. • Airplanes: move from spying to outright warfare http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF4wI Qt6vhw&feature=related&safety_mode=tr ue&persist_safety_mode=1 Initially used for photographing enemy positions • • Adapted to drop bombs, then mounted with guns Submarines: brought naval warfare to new level • • • Introduced by the Germans and called U-Boats Destroyed ships carrying supplies with torpedoes German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare helps cause US entry into World War I The German U - boats in Kiel in May 1914. This is a view of the control room of a German Uboat used in World War 1. World War I III. U.S. Involvement in the War • President Wilson claims neutrality at the beginning of the war • • • Wilson wins reelection in 1916, campaigning that “He kept us out of the war” Wilson wants to avoid US entanglement in Europe and issues caused by revolution in Mexico and crisis with Pancho Villa US attempts to continue trade as a neutral party • Citizens begin taking sides • • • • Many in US favored Allies, due to connection to Britain by culture and France as a past ally Many in Midwest strongly favor Germany due to heritage Recent immigrants often torn, as many came from Eastern and Southern Europe Propaganda from Europe that reached US often pro-British or anti-German • Economic factors for the War • • • • US traded much more with Allies American banks loaned nearly $2 billion to Allies that would only be paid back if Allies are victorious German submarine warfare harmed US trade Political and military causes • Submarine Warfare: unannounced sinking of trade vessels against law and caused loss of American life • • Lusitania: British passenger ship destroyed in 1915, killing 128 Americans Wilson gets Germany to temporarily end strategy after second incident (Sussex) New York Times Headline New York Tribune Headline Reading… “Calls the Situation Critical” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRygTO3pyUY&feature=related&s afety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 • Baltimore, Md. on the sinking of the Lusitania • Zimmerman Telegram: from Germany advising Mexico to attack the US if it declares war on Germany (Jan. 1917) • • • • • US/Mexican relations strained due to attack on New Mexico by Pancho Villa Germany offers to help Mexico recapture territory lost in Mexican-American War Germany wants to keep US occupied to provide time to defeat Britain and France Telegram is intercepted by British and given to US Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare in Feb. 1917, sinking six US ships Zimmerman Telegram Reading: The Zimmerman Note America Joins the Ranks World War I IV. United States in World War I • Declaration of War • • Wilson asks Congress to declare war on April 2, 1917 Congress votes to declare war on Germany (82-6 Senate and 373-50 House) Readings… •Declaration of War •“If We Don’t Lick the Huns Now” World War I • US mobilization for war • • • To protect troops, US uses convoy system of merchant, troop transport, and warships to get troops across Atlantic US soldiers “doughboys” arrive in France in late 1917 and boost both Allied morale and numbers Nearly 2 million US soldiers will fight in World War I • US military action in World War I • US enters the war near beginning of German offensive • Russia withdraws from war after Bolshevik revolution, essentially ending the war on the Eastern Front • • • • • 3.3 million killed, 4.9 million military wounded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd51pue58U0&safety_ mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Germany concentrates nearly all troops in the West Germany advances to almost 40 miles of Paris but turned back at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood US involved in massive counterattack in the Argonne Forest, eventually driving a hole in the German lines V. The American Home Front • Mobilization for war • • Conscription (draft): Selective Service created using a lottery and draft boards to select soldiers Control of supplies • Rationing used to reduce civilian consumption • • Herbert Hoover leads increased food production and decreased consumption Energy concerns caused introduction of daylight savings time and factory restrictions 16th Amendment • The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States and without regard to any census or enumeration. • The origins of the 16th Amendment (1913) date back to 1895, when the Supreme Court declared a federal income tax unconstitutional. To overturn this decision, this amendment authorizes an income tax that is levied on a direct basis. • Paying for the war ($32 billion or $44 million a day) • US raised income taxes, allowed by 16th Amendment • War bonds: sold to Americans paid for $20 billion • Changing populations • African Americans and Hispanics • Great Migration: African Americans moved to the North to take jobs that were vacated by white workers going to war • Political turmoil in Mexico and job opportunities spike large immigration by Hispanics • African Americans and Hispanics joined the military in segregated units • Women • Over 1 million join workforce, although most leave after the war • Women enlisted or hired by military for mainly clerical and support positions • Army Nursing Corps only women sent overseas • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XonhwLrAUVs&safety_mode=true&persist_s afety_mode=1 Women in the Work Force • Turn to women to work in factories and build products for war • • Social and political issues Restricting anti-war actions and speech • Climate of suspicion surrounded country, especially immigrants or those of German descent • Espionage Act of 1917: penalized those spying or interfering with the war effort • • Schenck v. United States: Charles Schenck unsuccessfully argued that free speech protected distribution of anti-draft materials • Free speech can not constitute a “clear and present danger” and wartime allowed more restrictive circumstances Sedition Act of 1918: made it illegal to publicly express opposition to the war Readings The U.S. Sedition Act Make America Safe for Democracy First Robert La Follette Demands His Rights (1917) • Economic and worker issues • • • • Increased production for World War I causes inflation Conflicts increase between unions and owners Large strikes occur throughout US, including the general strike (all workers) in Seattle Increased labor concerns raise fear of the spread of socialism and help lead to the Red Scare in 1920s Ending of WWI • Germany and its allies are exhausted • All fighting has taken place Outside of Germany to this point. • Seeing very little damage done at home, Germany calls for an end to the war • Returning German Soldiers treated as heroes • Cease-Fire agreed on November 8th 1918 • Goes into effect 3 days later at 11am. • France and Britain deal with Germany harshly, and threaten to restart war if Germany does no accept Treaty of Versailles • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ouw3OdcL5G I&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 The Ending of World War I and its Consequences I. Ending of World War I • Popular misconception is that World War I ended with just the Treaty of Versailles • Ended with a series of treaties between the Allies and separate members of the Central Powers • War on Eastern Front ended earlier with Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, where Russia gave vast territory to Central Powers II. Treaty of Versailles (November 11, 1918) • Ended war between Allies and Germany only • Germany and Russia given no say in treaty • Each of the major Allied Powers came in with different goals • France: punish Germany for the war • Britain: decrease German power and punish, but leave it enough to counterbalance France • Italy: Obtain territory promised at outset of war • United States: Achieve a lasting peace in Europe as planned through Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Discussion… • President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Fourteen Points • A League of Nations would help resolve international disputes to avoid future wars • Self-determination to allow ethnic groups formerly part of larger empires to determine status as new nations • Restoration of territories seized by European powers previous to the war • Wilson is forced to concede many goals about a less harsh settlement in order to obtain the League of Nations Peace, Diplomacy & Reparation • Results of the Treaty of Versailles • Germany must accept total blame for war and pay $32 billion in war reparations • Germans lose territory to creation of new European nations and enemies • Germany must demilitarize • Germany loses African and Chinese colonies • Germany is both crippled economically and politically angry, helping lead to World War II • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yj_eiyBsSSc&fe ature=related • US fails to ratify Treaty of Versailles • Many in US fearful of League of Nations as an entangling international alliance • US Senate fails to approve Treaty of Versailles • US does not join League of Nations, lessening the overall strength of the organization Wilson’s Last Days • Recognition of Armenia as independent • Armenians were subjected to genocidal actions during the war • Armenians were a Christian minority viewed as siding with Russia in the war • Forced marches to camps with high death rates, rape, robbery, murder were all used against the Armenians • Nearly one million Armenians were killed • Lack of prosecution viewed as partially influential on later Holocaust • Today though viewed by many as a genocide, including 20 nations and 39 US states (including MO, but not US as a whole) Armenian Genocide… Did it really happen? Was it the world’s first genocide? A telegram sent by Ambassador Henry Morgenthau Sr. to the State Department on July 16, 1915 describes the massacres as a "campaign of race extermination." Armenian Genocide… Did it really happen? Was it the world’s first genocide? The bodies of dead Armenians lie in a grove of trees in eastern Ottoman Empire, 1915. Armenian Genocide… Did it really happen? Was it the world’s first genocide? Starving Armenian children Armenian Genocide… Did it really happen? Was it the world’s first genocide? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YomWds4VVzY&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbjCyOjmT S8 Aftermath of the War • Germany is left devastated by the treaty. • German citizens angry at Allies • German money left worthless due to inflation • Inflation causes massive depression. • Wilson breaks ties with England and France getting his League of Nations passed. • US takes a policy of isolation • Japan’s Power in the Pacific is unchecked by Russia because of the Bolshevik Revolution • Desperate German citizens begin to look everywhere for help. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTuIzGe2Nz8