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The Development of Feudalism in Western Europe Chapter 2, pgs. 19-29 2.2: Western Europe During the Middle Ages The most important leader of the Franks (people from modern-day France) was Charlemagne. He ruled from 768-814C.E. Unified all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire (Holy Roman Empire). Pope Leo III (supreme leader of the Catholic Church) crowned Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor” in 800 C.E. Charlemagne 2.3: Feudalism (Establishing Order) By the High Middle Ages (about 1000 C.E.), Europeans had developed the system of feudalism. The feudal system provided people with protection and safety by establishing a stable social order. 2.4: Monarchs During Feudal Times Monarchs (kings and queens) were expected to keep order and provide protection for their vassals (people whom they ruled over). Monarchs believed in the divine right of kings, meaning they felt that God gave them the right to rule. 2.5: Lords and Ladies During Feudal Times Lords and ladies were members of the nobility, the highest-ranking class. Most lived in castles on manors, which were large estates with farmland and villages. They were protected by high walls and moats, a deep and wide ditch often filled with water. Medieval Castle 2.6: Knights During Feudal Times Knights were the mounted soldiers of the medieval world. Armor was made of heavy metal plates linked together to protect the body during fighting. Chivalry: the medieval knight’s code of ideal behavior, including bravery, loyalty, and respect for women. SMW “Knights” 2.7: Peasants During Feudal Times Most people during the Middle Ages were peasants (people who worked the land). Free peasants rented land to farm and owed only their rent to the lord. Unfree peasants (called serfs) farmed the lords fields and couldn’t leave the lord’s estate.