Download File petraitis human geography review

Dear
Aspiring
Master
of
Awesomeness,
Congratulations
on
your
decision
to
master
knowledge
of
the
world
and
all
the
responsibilities
that
come
with
that.
For
you
it’s
not
just
about
the
college
credit,
it’s
about
becoming
so
alarmingly
intelligent
that
the
temptation
to
become
a
super
villain
and
live
in
a
dormant
volcano
is
very
real.
It
is
a
temptation
you
can
resist.
Why
use
AP
Human
Geography
for
evil
when
you
can
be
part
of
the
process
that
brings
all
cultures
better
understanding
and
possibly
even
peace?
This
is
a
very
brief
guide.
It
will
steer
you
towards
some
resources
and
possibly
help
you
to
craft
your
own
study
plan.
So
here
is
a
brief
run
down
of
what
you
will
find
here:
Geographers
you
must
know
Maps
you
must
know
Theories
you
must
understand
The
essential
vocabulary
you
can’t
live
without.
The
main
ideas
of
each
unit
and
links
to
resources
you
may
find
to
be
helpful.
If
you
learn
nothing
else
ever,
learn
the
following!
Women
are
the
future
of
the
world!
Educate
them
and
treat
them
right!
Possibilism?
Yes.
Environmental
Determinism?
No!
Unit
I:
Geography
it’s
Nature
and
Perspectives
(What
is
Geography)
Geographers
you
must
know!
(Why
you
should
know
them)
Erasthones
Calculated
the
circumference
of
the
Earth
Hecataeus
Map
of
the
World
(as
he
knew
it)
Idrisi
Created
the
first
Map
of
the
World
George
Perkins
Marsh
Studied
human
impact
on
environment
Ptolemy
Developed
a
global
grid
system
Carl
Sauer
Cultural
Landscapes
Mike
Mikesell
The
“Why
of
Where”
Map
Projections
You
Must
Know:
Pros
Cons
Mercator
Navigation
Distortion
at
the
poles
Robinson
Classroom
Distortion
(but
more
even)
Peters
Land
masses
equal
Weird
looking
There
are
lots
of
other
general
maps
such
as
contour
maps,
dot
maps,
thematic
maps,
political
maps,
relief
maps,
globes
etc.
Be
aware
of
them.
Concepts
You
must
Know:
Grid
systems
GPS
GIS
Scale
Pattern
Region
Space
Time
Compression
Ten
Vocabulary
Words
You
Must
Know
(yes
there
are
more
but
this
is
a
review
so
if
you
can
only
remember
ten
let
it
be
these
ten!)
Place
Location
Region
Human
Environment
Interaction
Movement
Meridian
Parallel
Globalization
Site
Situation
Unit
II:
Population
(How
do
people
make
places,
and
diffuse
ideas)
People
You
Must
Know
Why
You
Must
Know
Them
Ernst
Ravenstein
Laws
of
Migration
Thomas
Malthus
“Help,
we’re
running
out
of
food!”
Concepts
You
Must
Know
Activity
Space
Push
Factors
Pull
Factors
Space
Time
Prism
Population
Policies
• Eugenic
• Restrictive
• Expansive
How
to
construct
and
read
a
population
Pyramid
How
to
interpret
the
demographic
transition
model
Global
Migration
Patterns
Intraregional
Migration
Interregional
Migration
Main
Eras
of
U.S.
immigration
• 1840’s‐1850’s
• Late
1800’s
• Early
1900’s
• Immigration
since
1945
Ten
vocabulary
words
you
must
know!
• Carrying
capacity
• Crude
birth
rate
• Crude
death
rate
• Doubling
time
• Gravity
model
• Arithmetic
growth
• Exponential
growth
• Refugees
• Total
fertility
rate
• Physiological
population
density
• *Ok,
this
is
now
eleven
and
12,
but
they
are
important:
female
infanticide,
and
forced
migration
Unit
III:
Cultural
Patterns
and
Processes
(Why
do
people
have
different
beliefs?)
People
You
Must
Know
Why
You
Must
Know
Them
Carl
Sauer
(again)
Religious
landscapes
Torste
Hagerstrand
Cultural
Diffusion
Concepts
You
Must
Know
Acculturation
Assimilation
Possibilism
v.
Environmental
Determinism
Expansion
Diffusion
• Contagious
diffusion
• Hierarchical
diffusion
• Stimulus
diffusion
Relocation
Diffusion
• Migrant
diffusion
Culture
complex
v.
Race
and
Ethnicity
Ethnic
Religions
• Judaism
• Hinduism
• Confucianism
• Taoism
• Shintoism
Universalizing
Religions
• Christianity
• Islam
• Buddhism
• Sikhism
• Baha’i
Animism
Indo‐European
Language
Tree
Sino‐Tibetan
Language
Tree
(There
are
other
language
trees,
but
if
you
can
only
understand
two,
these
are
the
ones.)
Folk
Culture
v.
Popular
Culture
Ten
Vocabulary
Words
You
must
know!
Diaspora
Accents
Isogloss
Creolized
languages
Taboo
Lingua
franca
Culture
hearths
Global
Language
Dialects
Branches
v.
Sects
Unit
IV:
Political
Organization
of
Space
(Who
lives
where
and
do
they
have
a
country?
If
they
do,
do
they
share
it
with
someone?)
People
You
Must
Know
Why
You
Must
Know
Them
Friedrich
Ratzel
Organic
State
Theory
Halford
Mackinder
Heartland
Theory
(World
Island,
Pivot
of
History)
Nicholas
Spykman
Rimland
Theory
Concepts
You
Must
Know
Devolution
(What
is
it
and
who’s
doing
it?)
Supranationalism
Balkanization
(Shatterbelt)
Territorial
Morphology
• Elongated
(Chile,
Norway
etc.)
• Prorupted
(Namibia,
Congo
etc.)
• Compact
(Poland,
Hungary
etc.)
• Perforated
(South
Africa,
Italy
etc.)
• Fragmented
(Indonesia,
Philippines
etc.)
• Microstates
(Lichtenstein,
Andorra
etc.)
Types
of
Boundaries
• Physical
boundaries
• Cultural
boundaries
• Geometric
boundaries
(consequent
boundaries)
• Relict
boundaries
Centrifugal
Forces
v.
Centripetal
forces
Disputes
• Positional
• Territorial
• Resource
(Allocational)
• Functional
(Operational)
Federal
v.
Unitary
States
Ten
Vocabulary
Words
You
Must
Know!
Balkanization
Stateless
Nation
Enclaves,
exclaves
Multistate
Nation
European
Union
Multination
State
United
Nations
Primate
City
Nation
State
Globalization
Unit
V:
Agriculture
(Where’s
my
food
and
what’s
in
it?)
People
You
Must
Know
Why
You
Must
Know
Them
Norman
Borlaug
Green
Revolution
Thomas
Malthus
Thought
we
might
run
out
of
food
(we
might)
Johann
Von
Thünen
Agricultural
Location
Theory
(Von
Thünen
Model)
Concepts
You
Must
Know
Primary
sector,
Secondary
sector,
Tertiary
sector
Agriculture
in
the
MDC’s
v.
Agriculture
in
the
LDC’s
The
Neolithic
Revolution
Subsistence
vs.
Commercial
Agriculture
Rural
Land
Use
and
Settlement
Patterns
The
Second
Agricultural
Revolution
The
Third
Agricultural
Revolution
The
Green
Revolution
Hearths:
• Seed
• Vegetative
• Animal
Domestication
Sustainable
and
Organic
Agriculture
20
Vocabulary
Words
You
Must
Know
Agribusiness
Slash
and
burn
(Swidden)
Commercial
Agriculture
Extensive
subsistence
Intensive
Subsistence
Mediterranean
agriculture
Biotechnology
Cereal
Grains
(and
which
ones
grow
where)
Horticulture
Irrigation
Pesticides
Genetically
Modified
Organisms
Pastoral
Nomadism
Transhumance
Truck
Farming
Plantations
Agriculture
Wet
(lowland)
Rice
Milkshed
Colombian
Exchange
Desertification
Unit
VI:
Industrialization
and
Economic
Development
(What
does
it
mean
to
be
developed
and
has
the
diffusion
of
technology
helped
development)
People
You
Must
Know!
W.W.
Rostow
Ladder
of
Development
Emmanuel
Wallerstein
Capitalist
World
Systems
Theory
James
Watt
Inventor
of
the
Steam
Engine
Alfred
Weber
Weber’s
Least
Cost
Theory
Howard
Hotelling
Locational
Interdependence
Concepts
you
must
know!
HDI
(Human
Development
Index)
• Modernization
model
Economic
Indicators
of
Development
• Dependency
Theory
• GNI
(Gross
National
Income)
The
diffusion
of
the
Industrial
• GDP
(Gross
Domestic
Product)
Revolution
• GNP
(Gross
National
Product)
Core
economies
and
Periphery
Social
Indicators
of
Development
economies
• Education
levels
Major
Industrial
Regions
• Literacy
• Western
and
Central
Europe
Demographic
Indicators
of
• Eastern
North
America
Development
• Russia
and
the
Ukraine
• TFR
(Total
Fertility
Rate)
• Eastern
Asia
• Life
Expectancy)
The
Four
Tigers
(Dragons)
Occupational
Structure
of
the
Labor
• South
Korea
Force
• Taiwan
• Primary
• Singapore
• Secondary
• Hong
Kong
• Tertiary
Deindustrialization
o Quaternary
Effects
of
industrialization
on
the
o Quinary
Environment
Theories
of
Economic
Development
20
Vocabulary
Words
You
Must
Know!
Break‐of‐Bulk
Value
Added
Agglomeration
Special
Economic
Zones
Bulk‐reducing,
Bulk‐Gaining
Single
Market
Manufacturers
Deglomeration
MDC’s
and
LDC’s
Deindustrialization
Compressed
Modernity
Export
Oriented
Friction
of
distance
Footloose
Industry
Infrastructure
Industrial
Revolution
Labor‐intensive
industries
Post‐Industrial
Societies
International
Division
of
Labor
Maquiladoras
Trading‐blocs
Unit
VII:
Cities
and
Urban
Land
Use
(Where
do
people
live
in
cities?
Why
do
they
live
there?)
People
You
Must
Know!
Why
you
must
know
them.
E.W.
Burgess
Concentric
Zone
Model
(Burgess
Model)
Harris
and
Ulman
Multiple
Nuclei
Model
Homer
Hoyt
The
Sector
Model
Ernst
Griffin
&
The
Griffin
Ford
Model
(The
Latin
American
City)
Larry
Ford
Walter
Christaller
Central
Place
Theory
Concepts
You
Must
Know
All
of
the
concepts
listed
Urban
Hierarchy
(From
smallest
and
least
services
to
largest
and
most
services)
• Hamlet
• Village
• Town
• City
• Megalopolis
Origin
of
Cities
(The
River
Civilizations)
• Indus
River
• Nile
River
• Tigris
and
Euphrates
Rivers
• Huang
He
and
Wei
Rivers
People
usually
move
rural
to
urban
World
Cities,
Primate
Cities
and
Capital
Cities
The
Ten
largest
Megacities
(in
order
from
largest
to
smallest)
• Tokyo,
Japan
• Mexico,
Mexico
City
• Seoul,
South
Korea
• New
York
City,
U.S.A.
• Sao
Paulo,
Brazil
• Mumbai,
India
• Delhi,
India
• Shanghai,
China
• Los
Angeles,
U.S.A.
• Osaka,
Japan
The
rest
of
the
Megacities…
• Beijing,
China
• Buenos
Aires,
Argentina
• Cairo,
Egypt
• Dhaka,
Bangladesh
• Istanbul,
Turkey
• Jakarta,
Indonesia
• Karachi,
Pakistan
• Lagos,
Nigeria
• London,
United
Kingdom
• Manila,
Philippines
• Moscow,
Russia
• Rio
de
Janeiro,
Brazil
• Shenzen,
China
• Tehran,
Iran
Cities
are
growing
faster
in
the
LDC’s
than
in
the
MDC’s
Central
Place
Theory
Models
of
Urban
Land
Use
(see
the
people
you
must
know)
Ghettoization
Barrioization
Squatter
settlements,
where
and
why
they
occur
Gentrification
and
Urban
renewal
Asian
cities
are
different
than
European
Cities,
which
are
different
from
Latin
American
Cities,
which
are
different
from
North
American
Cities,
which
are
different
from
African
Cities,
which
are
different
from
Asian
cities
etc,
etc,
etc,.
Ten
Vocabulary
Words
You
Must
Know
Rank‐size
rule
Urban
renewal
Suburbs
Sprawl
Greenbelts
Edge
cities
Urban
hierarchy
Feminization
of
poverty
Squatters
Metropolitan
area
THE
FRQ!
Relax.
What
is
it
asking?
Does
it
want
an
example?
Is
it
asking
for
an
explanation?
Read
it
carefully,
the
question
might
specify
you
can’t
use
the
same
example
twice
for
different
concepts?
Figure
out
how
many
points
it’s
worth
and
make
sure
you
meet
each
of
those
points
with
an
answer.
Write
clearly
and
label
according
to
the
question.
Use
full
sentences.