Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Dear Aspiring Master of Awesomeness, Congratulations on your decision to master knowledge of the world and all the responsibilities that come with that. For you it’s not just about the college credit, it’s about becoming so alarmingly intelligent that the temptation to become a super villain and live in a dormant volcano is very real. It is a temptation you can resist. Why use AP Human Geography for evil when you can be part of the process that brings all cultures better understanding and possibly even peace? This is a very brief guide. It will steer you towards some resources and possibly help you to craft your own study plan. So here is a brief run down of what you will find here: Geographers you must know Maps you must know Theories you must understand The essential vocabulary you can’t live without. The main ideas of each unit and links to resources you may find to be helpful. If you learn nothing else ever, learn the following! Women are the future of the world! Educate them and treat them right! Possibilism? Yes. Environmental Determinism? No! Unit I: Geography it’s Nature and Perspectives (What is Geography) Geographers you must know! (Why you should know them) Erasthones Calculated the circumference of the Earth Hecataeus Map of the World (as he knew it) Idrisi Created the first Map of the World George Perkins Marsh Studied human impact on environment Ptolemy Developed a global grid system Carl Sauer Cultural Landscapes Mike Mikesell The “Why of Where” Map Projections You Must Know: Pros Cons Mercator Navigation Distortion at the poles Robinson Classroom Distortion (but more even) Peters Land masses equal Weird looking There are lots of other general maps such as contour maps, dot maps, thematic maps, political maps, relief maps, globes etc. Be aware of them. Concepts You must Know: Grid systems GPS GIS Scale Pattern Region Space Time Compression Ten Vocabulary Words You Must Know (yes there are more but this is a review so if you can only remember ten let it be these ten!) Place Location Region Human Environment Interaction Movement Meridian Parallel Globalization Site Situation Unit II: Population (How do people make places, and diffuse ideas) People You Must Know Why You Must Know Them Ernst Ravenstein Laws of Migration Thomas Malthus “Help, we’re running out of food!” Concepts You Must Know Activity Space Push Factors Pull Factors Space Time Prism Population Policies • Eugenic • Restrictive • Expansive How to construct and read a population Pyramid How to interpret the demographic transition model Global Migration Patterns Intraregional Migration Interregional Migration Main Eras of U.S. immigration • 1840’s‐1850’s • Late 1800’s • Early 1900’s • Immigration since 1945 Ten vocabulary words you must know! • Carrying capacity • Crude birth rate • Crude death rate • Doubling time • Gravity model • Arithmetic growth • Exponential growth • Refugees • Total fertility rate • Physiological population density • *Ok, this is now eleven and 12, but they are important: female infanticide, and forced migration Unit III: Cultural Patterns and Processes (Why do people have different beliefs?) People You Must Know Why You Must Know Them Carl Sauer (again) Religious landscapes Torste Hagerstrand Cultural Diffusion Concepts You Must Know Acculturation Assimilation Possibilism v. Environmental Determinism Expansion Diffusion • Contagious diffusion • Hierarchical diffusion • Stimulus diffusion Relocation Diffusion • Migrant diffusion Culture complex v. Race and Ethnicity Ethnic Religions • Judaism • Hinduism • Confucianism • Taoism • Shintoism Universalizing Religions • Christianity • Islam • Buddhism • Sikhism • Baha’i Animism Indo‐European Language Tree Sino‐Tibetan Language Tree (There are other language trees, but if you can only understand two, these are the ones.) Folk Culture v. Popular Culture Ten Vocabulary Words You must know! Diaspora Accents Isogloss Creolized languages Taboo Lingua franca Culture hearths Global Language Dialects Branches v. Sects Unit IV: Political Organization of Space (Who lives where and do they have a country? If they do, do they share it with someone?) People You Must Know Why You Must Know Them Friedrich Ratzel Organic State Theory Halford Mackinder Heartland Theory (World Island, Pivot of History) Nicholas Spykman Rimland Theory Concepts You Must Know Devolution (What is it and who’s doing it?) Supranationalism Balkanization (Shatterbelt) Territorial Morphology • Elongated (Chile, Norway etc.) • Prorupted (Namibia, Congo etc.) • Compact (Poland, Hungary etc.) • Perforated (South Africa, Italy etc.) • Fragmented (Indonesia, Philippines etc.) • Microstates (Lichtenstein, Andorra etc.) Types of Boundaries • Physical boundaries • Cultural boundaries • Geometric boundaries (consequent boundaries) • Relict boundaries Centrifugal Forces v. Centripetal forces Disputes • Positional • Territorial • Resource (Allocational) • Functional (Operational) Federal v. Unitary States Ten Vocabulary Words You Must Know! Balkanization Stateless Nation Enclaves, exclaves Multistate Nation European Union Multination State United Nations Primate City Nation State Globalization Unit V: Agriculture (Where’s my food and what’s in it?) People You Must Know Why You Must Know Them Norman Borlaug Green Revolution Thomas Malthus Thought we might run out of food (we might) Johann Von Thünen Agricultural Location Theory (Von Thünen Model) Concepts You Must Know Primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector Agriculture in the MDC’s v. Agriculture in the LDC’s The Neolithic Revolution Subsistence vs. Commercial Agriculture Rural Land Use and Settlement Patterns The Second Agricultural Revolution The Third Agricultural Revolution The Green Revolution Hearths: • Seed • Vegetative • Animal Domestication Sustainable and Organic Agriculture 20 Vocabulary Words You Must Know Agribusiness Slash and burn (Swidden) Commercial Agriculture Extensive subsistence Intensive Subsistence Mediterranean agriculture Biotechnology Cereal Grains (and which ones grow where) Horticulture Irrigation Pesticides Genetically Modified Organisms Pastoral Nomadism Transhumance Truck Farming Plantations Agriculture Wet (lowland) Rice Milkshed Colombian Exchange Desertification Unit VI: Industrialization and Economic Development (What does it mean to be developed and has the diffusion of technology helped development) People You Must Know! W.W. Rostow Ladder of Development Emmanuel Wallerstein Capitalist World Systems Theory James Watt Inventor of the Steam Engine Alfred Weber Weber’s Least Cost Theory Howard Hotelling Locational Interdependence Concepts you must know! HDI (Human Development Index) • Modernization model Economic Indicators of Development • Dependency Theory • GNI (Gross National Income) The diffusion of the Industrial • GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Revolution • GNP (Gross National Product) Core economies and Periphery Social Indicators of Development economies • Education levels Major Industrial Regions • Literacy • Western and Central Europe Demographic Indicators of • Eastern North America Development • Russia and the Ukraine • TFR (Total Fertility Rate) • Eastern Asia • Life Expectancy) The Four Tigers (Dragons) Occupational Structure of the Labor • South Korea Force • Taiwan • Primary • Singapore • Secondary • Hong Kong • Tertiary Deindustrialization o Quaternary Effects of industrialization on the o Quinary Environment Theories of Economic Development 20 Vocabulary Words You Must Know! Break‐of‐Bulk Value Added Agglomeration Special Economic Zones Bulk‐reducing, Bulk‐Gaining Single Market Manufacturers Deglomeration MDC’s and LDC’s Deindustrialization Compressed Modernity Export Oriented Friction of distance Footloose Industry Infrastructure Industrial Revolution Labor‐intensive industries Post‐Industrial Societies International Division of Labor Maquiladoras Trading‐blocs Unit VII: Cities and Urban Land Use (Where do people live in cities? Why do they live there?) People You Must Know! Why you must know them. E.W. Burgess Concentric Zone Model (Burgess Model) Harris and Ulman Multiple Nuclei Model Homer Hoyt The Sector Model Ernst Griffin & The Griffin Ford Model (The Latin American City) Larry Ford Walter Christaller Central Place Theory Concepts You Must Know All of the concepts listed Urban Hierarchy (From smallest and least services to largest and most services) • Hamlet • Village • Town • City • Megalopolis Origin of Cities (The River Civilizations) • Indus River • Nile River • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Huang He and Wei Rivers People usually move rural to urban World Cities, Primate Cities and Capital Cities The Ten largest Megacities (in order from largest to smallest) • Tokyo, Japan • Mexico, Mexico City • Seoul, South Korea • New York City, U.S.A. • Sao Paulo, Brazil • Mumbai, India • Delhi, India • Shanghai, China • Los Angeles, U.S.A. • Osaka, Japan The rest of the Megacities… • Beijing, China • Buenos Aires, Argentina • Cairo, Egypt • Dhaka, Bangladesh • Istanbul, Turkey • Jakarta, Indonesia • Karachi, Pakistan • Lagos, Nigeria • London, United Kingdom • Manila, Philippines • Moscow, Russia • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Shenzen, China • Tehran, Iran Cities are growing faster in the LDC’s than in the MDC’s Central Place Theory Models of Urban Land Use (see the people you must know) Ghettoization Barrioization Squatter settlements, where and why they occur Gentrification and Urban renewal Asian cities are different than European Cities, which are different from Latin American Cities, which are different from North American Cities, which are different from African Cities, which are different from Asian cities etc, etc, etc,. Ten Vocabulary Words You Must Know Rank‐size rule Urban renewal Suburbs Sprawl Greenbelts Edge cities Urban hierarchy Feminization of poverty Squatters Metropolitan area THE FRQ! Relax. What is it asking? Does it want an example? Is it asking for an explanation? Read it carefully, the question might specify you can’t use the same example twice for different concepts? Figure out how many points it’s worth and make sure you meet each of those points with an answer. Write clearly and label according to the question. Use full sentences.