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Transcript
Microbial Risk Levels This is the official symbol for biological hazards. Disposal of these wastes or materials possibly contaminated with these wastes is strictly regulated. We will follow the regulations in the disposal of all wastes in this class and each team will be responsible for waste streaming for 2 weeks of the semester. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), NIH (National Institutes of Health), and World health organization (WHO) classify microorganisms into four biosafety levels based on their known hazards and recommended safety precautions. The biosafety levels are defined as follows and are accompanied by precautions which will be required in class. Please see the official CDC classification at http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s3.htm Biosafety Safety Classification Level 1 2 3 Precautions Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment. The laboratory is not necessarily separated from the general traffic patterns in the building. Standard equipment and standard practices. No special precautions - barrier protection- lab coats, gloves, lab glasses. Work is generally conducted on open bench tops using standard microbiological practices. Biosafety Level 2 is similar to Biosafety Level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment. It differs from BSL-1 in that laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and are directed by competent scientists. Access to the laboratory is limited when work is being conducted Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route. Laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic and potentially lethal agents, and are supervised by competent scientists who are experienced in working with these agents. Standard equipment and standard practices. Some special precautions Open bench or safety cabinet to prevent aerosol formation; barrier protection- lab coats, gloves, lab glasses. Extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items; and certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment. All procedures involving the manipulation of infectious materials are conducted within biological safety cabinets; barrier protection- lab coats, gloves, lab glasses; The laboratory has special engineering and design features such as negative pressure; contained wastes (i.e., double-door access zone and sealed penetrations). Special containment equipment or facility design is neither required nor generally used. Laboratory personnel have specific training in the procedures conducted in the laboratory and are supervised by a scientist with general training in microbiology or a related science 4 Biosafety Level 4 is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and life-threatening disease. Members of the laboratory staff have specific and thorough training in handling extremely hazardous infectious agents and they understand the primary and secondary containment functions of the standard and special practices, the containment equipment, and the laboratory design characteristics. They are supervised by competent scientists who are trained and experienced in working with these agents. Access to the laboratory is strictly controlled by the laboratory director. The facility is either in a separate building or in a controlled area within a building, which is completely isolated from all other areas of the building. Maximum containment lab with safety cabinets and extreme personal protection; controlled ventilation; disinfectant buffer zone; gasket control, extreme waste stream precautions. Within work areas of the facility, all activities are confined to biological safety cabinets. The Biosafety Level 4 laboratory has special engineering and design features to prevent microorganisms from being disseminated into the environment. *note: Immune compromised individuals are susceptible to risk even from biosafety level 1 organisms Selected Examples of Organisms from Various Biosafety Levels Biosafety Level 1 Biosafety Level 2 Biosafety Level 3 Biosafety Level 4 Bacillus subtilis (nonsporing) Escherichia coli K-12 Adeno-associated viruses 1-4 T4 Bacteriophage Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rhizopus stolonifer Candida albicans Pseudomonas (GEM) Infectious canine hepatitis Staphylococcus aureus Mycobacterium No bacterial agents Bacillus anthracis tuberculosis No fungal agents Bordetella pertusis Mycobacterium bovis No parasitic agents Corynebacterium Brucella abortus Ebola virus diphtheriae Pasteurella multocida Marburg virus Other E. coli Yersinia pestis Lassa virus Neisseria gonorrhoea Hanta virus Machupo virus Streptococcus pyogenes SLE virus Herpesvirus simiae Vibrio cholera VEE virus Pfisteria Klebsiella sp Rift Valley virus Hemorrhagic viruses and Proteus Yellow fever virus some encephalitis viruses Serratia marcescens HIV Rabies Coccidiodes immitis Hepatitis A,B,C Prions Cryptococcus neoformans No parasitic agents Most parasitic agents The organisms found in Biosafety level 1 are often genetically unable to invade human hosts. To some extent these classifications may be misleading. E. coli classified at level 2 causes more nosocomial infections than any other single bacteria. It is also responsible for the death of many patients. Candida albicans, biosafety level 1, while a part of the normal flora found on many people, is often an agent leading to the demise of an immunocompromised patient when recovered from the blood. Coccidiodes immitis, the etiologic agent of Valley Fever and biosafety level 3, should be dealt with under a safety hood, yet it is prolific in the air and soil in Bakersfield. The classification is not based on their ability to produce disease, because under the right conditions any organism can produce disease, but on the safety concerns for a healthy individual when dealing with a known specimen. In the clinical lab we deal with all unknown specimens as though they are biosafety level 3, unless otherwise indicated. For more information see the CDC Biosafety level Power Point at http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/pdffiles/Module%202%20-%20Biosafety.pdf