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Module 10 Exam Review 1. Skeletal muscles cause movement of bones when they apply force to _____. tendons 2. Muscle contractions that are extended for a period of time help maintain _____. posture 3. Sphincters are ring-like bands of _____ muscle. smooth 4. A wave-like contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract is called ______. peristalsis 5. Thermogenesis is a function of ______ muscle tissue. skeletal 6. Multi-nucleated, striated muscle describes ________ muscle. skeletal 7. Striated with one central nucleus describes the structure of _______ muscle. cardiac 8. The structure of visceral (smooth) muscle has no striations and one, ______ nucleus. central 9. The thin and thick filaments are formed primarily of _______ and _______, respectively. actin; myosin 10. The unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle is called a _________. sarcomere 11. Skeletal muscle is under ______ nervous system control. voluntary 12. Branched muscle fibers with intercalated discs are found in _______ muscle. cardiac 13. Spindle-shaped muscle fibers are associated with ________ muscle. smooth 14. A fascicle is a bundle of _____ _____. muscle fibers (cells) 15. The ______ is the plasma membrane (lipid bilayer) covering a muscle cell. sarcolemma 16. _______ is the name of the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle cell. sarcoplasm 17. Endomysium is composed of ________ connective tissue that wraps the sarcolemma. areolar 18. Perimysium is _______ _______connective tissue that wraps a muscle fascicle. dense irregular 19. The tube-like structures that run perpendicular to myofibrils are ______ ______. T tubules 20. The membranous sac filled with calcium is called the _______ ________. sarcoplasmic reticulum 21. An individual muscle cell is formed by many contractile elements called _______. myofibrils 22. The sarcoplasmic reticulum from one sarcomere, a T tubule, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum from another sarcomere is collectively referred to as a ______. triad 23. What myofilaments are parallel and interdigitated? thin and thick 24. What separates one sarcomere from another? Z disks/Z line 25. The neuromuscular junction includes the somatic motor neuron and a _____ _____. muscle fiber 26. What is the neurotransmitter released from the terminal processes of the somatic motor neurons? acetylcholine 27. The motor end plate contains nicotinic acetylcholine ________. receptor 28. What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? breakdown acetylcholine 29. The ____ is the portion of a motor neuron that carries a signal from the spinal cord to the neuromuscular junction. axon 30. The binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the motor end plate opens ______ channels. Na+ 31. T tubules allow for the action potential to penetrate ______ into the cell. deep 32. What ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when the action potential reaches muscle cell? Ca++ 33. Because of their role in the contraction cycle, troponin and tropomyosin are ________ proteins. regulatory 34. _____ filaments have both Ca++ and myosin binding sites. thin 35. ATP is hydrolyzed during the _____-_____ cycle. cross-bridge 36. Myosin detaches from actin when _____ binds to the myosin head. ATP 37. Tropomyosin covers the binding sites for _____ when calcium is absent. myosin 38. The sarcomere shortens when ______ and ______ slide past each other. thin and thick filaments 39. Acetylcholine being released from synaptic vesicles starts the events of a muscle _____. contraction 40. Titin is the largest structural protein. It connects the Z disc to the M line and contributes to a sarcomere’s _______. elasticity 41. A motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron and all of the _____ _____ it innervates. muscle fibers 42. Aerobic oxidation of glucose and anaerobic fermentation of glucose both provide _____. ATP 43. What muscle fiber type is most consistently used while running a marathon? slow, oxidative 44. 70-80% of the energy used by muscles is lost as _______. heat 45 Glycogen depletion, decreased ATP, and increased lactic acid contribute to muscle _______. fatigue 46. Agonistic muscle are those that _______ together. work 47. Antagonists are muscle that _____ each other. oppose 48. The attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone is called its _______. origin 49. The attachment of a muscle to the bone it moves (usually distal) is called its _______. insertion 50. The gluteus maximus is named because of its _______. size 51. The tibialis anterior is named by its ______. location 52. Learn the names, origins, insertions, and actions of the individual muscles and muscle groups identified in the objectives.