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Clavobrachialis Craniolateral view, left side Cat information: clavobrachialis (cat only – corresponds to the anterior portion of the deltoid) origin: clavicle and raphe lateral to theclavicle insertion: ulna nerve: axillary action: flexes forearm Human information: clavobrachialis (cat only – corresponds to the anterior division of the deltoidwhich is pictured above) origin: anterosuperior border of the lateral third of the clavicle insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus on the anterolateral surface nerve: axillary (C5, C6) action: horizontal adductor, prime flexor, and medial (internal) rotation of shoulder (arm) Acromiodeltoid Lateral view, left side Cat information: acromiodeltoid (cat only – corresponds to the lateral portion of the deltoid) origin: caudal border of the acromion and sometimes the metacromion insertion: surface of spinodeltoid and humerus nerve: axillary action: flexes and rotates shoulder (arm) Spinodeltoid Dorsolateral view, left side Cat information: spinodeltoid (cat only – corresponds to the posterior portion of the deltoid) origin: middle third of the spine of scapula insertion: deltoid ridge of humerus nerve: axillary action: flexes and rotates humerus (arm) Human information: Human information: spinodeltoid (cat only – corresponds to acromiodeltoid (cat only – corresponds the posterior portion of the deltoid to the lateral (middle) portion of the which is pictured above) deltoid which is pictured above) origin: inferior margin of spine of origin: the acromion process of scapula scapula insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus nerve: axillary (C5 and C6) nerve: axillary (C5 and C6) action: abducts (horizontal abduction), action: abducts shoulder (arm) laterally (externally) rotates and extends shoulder (humerus or arm) Dr. J likes to tell his students that the spinodeltoid looks a bit like a football! If you don't like that analogy you can decide what it looks like to you, a gum drop for example. Levator Scapulae Ventralis Dorsolateral view, left side Cat information: levator scapulae ventralis (levator scapulae in humans) origin: transverse process of C1 and the occipital bone insertion: metacromion and infraspinatus fossa nerve: dorsal scapular action: elevates scapula Human information: levator scapulae origin: transverse processes of C1-C4 insertion: vertebral border of scapula between the superior angle and the spine of the scapula nerve: dorsal scapular (C5) and anterior rami of C3 and C4 action: elevates and downward rotates scapula, flexes neck laterally Some authors call this simply levator scapula. Clavotrapezius Dorsal view, left side Cat information: clavotrapezius (cat only – corresponds to the superior portion of the trapezius) origin: superior nuchal line of occipital bone and the mid-dorsal line of the neck to the spine of the axis insertion: clavicle and the raphe between the clavotrapezius and the clavobrachialis nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and ventral rami of cervical vertebrae 1-4 (adducts) action: elevates and retracts scapula Human information: clavotrapezius (cat only – corresponds to the superior portion of the trapezius) origin: external occipital protuberamce, medial third of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous process of C7 insertion: lateral third of clavicle and the acromion process nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and anterior rami of C3 and C4 (sensory component) action: elevation and upward rotation of scapula, when contracting with other portions of the trapezius it retracts (adducts) the scapula Acromiotrapezius Spinotrapezius Dorsolateral view, left side Dorsolateral view, left side Cat information: acromiotrapezius (cat only – corresponds to the middle portion of the human trapezius) origin: spinous process of the axis to a point between the first and fourth thoracic vertebrae insertion: metacromion, scapular spine totuberosity, and superficial surface of spinotrapezius nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and ventral rami of cervicals 1-4 action: hold the vertebral border of the two scapulae together and retracts (adducts) them Cat information: spinotrapezius (cat only – corresponds to the inferior portion of the human trapezius) origin: spinous process of T4-T12 insertion: tuberosity of scapular spineand fascia of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and ventral rami of cervicals 1-4 action: retracts (adducts) and depresses scapula Human information: acromiotrapezius (cat only – corresponds to the middle division of the trapezius which is pictured above) origin: spinous processes of 7th cervical and 1st-3rd thoracic vertebrae insertion: superior border of the spine of scapula nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and anterior rami of C3 and C4 action: retracts (adducts) and helps in elevation of scapula Human information: spinotrapezius (cat only – corresponds to the inferior portion of the trapezius which is pictured above) origin: spinous processes of T6-T12 insertion: medial third of spine of scapula nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and ventral rami of cericals 3 and 4 action: retracts (adducts), depresses and rotates scapula Latissimus Dorsi Lateral view, left side Rhomboideus Major Rhomboideus Minor Lateral view, left side Lateral view, left side Cat information: latissimus dorsi origin: spinous processes of T4-T12 and L1-L6 insertion: medial surface of humerus nerve: thoracodorsal and ventral thoracic action: extends humerus (arm) Cat information: rhomboideus major origin: spinous processes of T2-T5 insertion: medial border of scapula nerve: dorsal scapular action: retracts (adducts), rotates and stabilizes scapula Human information: latissimus dorsi origin: aponeurosis from the spinous processes of T7-T12 and L1-L5, posterior iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, inferior 3 or 4 ribs, and the inferior angle of the scapula insertion: medial lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus, anterior and parallel with the tendon from pectoralis major nerve: thoracodorsal (C6, C7, C8) action: extends, hyperextension, retracts (adducts) and medially rotates (internal rotation) humerus Human information: rhomboideus major origin: spinous processes of T2-T5 insertion: medial border of scapula from spine to inferior angle nerve: dorsal scapular (C5) action: retracts (adducts), elevates and inferior rotation of scapula Cat information: rhomboideus minor origin: supraspinous ligament in the cervical region and spinous processes of the first four vertebrae insertion: vertebral border ofscapula nerve: ventral rami of cervical nervesnearits origin action: draws cranially, retracts (adducts) and rotates scapula Human information: rhomboideus minor origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1 and lower part of ligamentum nuchae insertion: vertebral (medial) border of scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula nerve: dorsal scapular (C5) action: retracts (adducts), elevates and inferior rotation of scapula Rhomboideus Capitis Dorsal view, left side Cat information: rhomboideus capitis (occipitoscapularis) (cat only) origin: medial half of cranial nuchal line not extending quite to midline insertion: scapula near cranial angle nerve: ventral ramus C4 action: draws cranially and rotates scapula Pectoantebrachialis Ventral view, left side Cat information: pectoantebrachialis (cat only) origin: lateral surface of manubrium insertion: forearm nerve: ventral thoracic action: adducts arm Xiphihumeralis Ventral view, left side Pectoralis Major Ventral view, left side Pectoralis Minor Serratus Ventralis Ventrolateral view, left side Ventrolateral view, left side Cat information: pectoralis major origin: manubrium, the first three divisions of the sternum and the median raphe insertion: greater tubercle and along a line to the pectoral ridge of humerus nerve: anterior thoracic action: adducts arm Cat information: pectoralis minor origin: lateral half of the first six divisions of the body of the sternum and sometimes the xiphoid process insertion: ventral border of the bicipital groove at the proximal end of humerus nerve: anterior thoracic action: adducts arm Human information: pectoralis major (sternal division) origin: sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 1-6 insertion: lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus nerve: lateral and medial pectoral (C7, 8, and T1) action: extends humerus to approximately 90 degrees Human information: pectoralis minor origin: anterior surface of ribs 3, 4, and 5 near the costal cartilages insertion: coracoid process of scapula nerve: medial pectoral (C8, T1) action: depress, protract, and inferior rotation of scapula Cat information: xiphihumeralis (cat only) origin: a median raphe along xiphoid process or at an angle to the median line on the rectus abdominis muscle insertion: with latissimus dorsi near ventral border of the bicipital groove nerve: cranial pectoral nerves and branches of C7 and C8 action: assists pectoralis minor -adducts arm Pectoralis minor is one of the group of five muscles that stabilize the scapula. In humans it is one of two pectoral muscles and it is smaller than pectoralis major but in the cat it is the largest of the four pectoral muscles. Cat information: serratus ventralis (anterior in human) origin: ribs 1-9 or 10 insertion: medial surface of scapula deep to the vertebral border nerve: long thoracic action: depresses scapula,supports the trunk and aids in inspiration Note that is muscle can be tagged in two places! Human information: serratus anterior (ventralis in cat) origin: superior lateral surface of ribs 1-8 insertion: anterior surface along the vertebral border of scapula nerve: long thoracic (C5, C6, C7) action: protracts (abducts) and rotates scapula upward, prevents scapular winging Serratus ventralis in the cat looks like fingers because it attaches to the ribs, but has nothing to attach to between the ribs. The name implies that it looks like a serrated knife. Cleidomastoid Ventrolateral view, left side Cat information: cleidomastoid (cat only – corresponds to the lateral portion of the sternocleidomastoid) origin: mastoid process insertion: clavicle and the raphe lateral to the clavicle nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and ventral rami of C2 and C3 action: elevates clavicle when head is fixed, turns head and depresses snout when clavicle is fixed Sternohyoid Sternomastoid Ventrtral view, left side Ventrtral view, left side Cat information: sternohyoid origin: cranial border of first costal cartilage and manubrium insertion: lateral half of ventral surface of hyoid nerve: hypoglossal (XII) and ventral ramus of C1 action: draws hyoid caudally, draws ribs and sternum cranially when hyoid is fixed Human information: sternohyoid Human information: origin: manubrium and medial end of cleidomastoid (cat only – corresponds the clavicle to the lateral portion of the insertion: inferior margin of hyoid sternocleidomastoid) nerve: anterior rami of C1-C3 through origin: superior surface of the ansa cervicalis medial third of the clavicle action: depress larynx and hyoid if insertion: lateral surface of the mandible is fixed; may flex skull mastoid process and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and anterior rami of C2 and C3 action: bilateral contraction leads to flexion of the head; unilateral contraction causes rotation of head to the opposite side (contralateral rotation) and movement of head toward the ipsilateral shoulder (ipsilateral sidebending) Cat information: sternomastoid (cat only – corresponds to the medial portion of the sternocleidomastoid) origin: manubrium and median raphe insertion: lateral half of lambdoidal ridge and mastoid portion of temporal bone as far as the mastoid process nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and ventral rami of C1-C3 action: bilateral contraction depresses snout, unilateral contraction turns head and depresses snout Sternothyroid Ventrtral view, left side Cat information: sternothyroid origin: first costal cartilage deep to the sternohyoid insertion: lateral half of cranial boder of thyroid cartilage nerve: hypoglossal (XII) and ventral ramus of C1 action: draws larynx caudally Human information: sternothyroid origin: posterior surface of manubrium insertion: thyroid cartilage Human information: nerve: anterior rami of C1-C3 through ansa sternomastoid (cat only – corresponds to cervicalis the medial portion of the action: depress larynx and hyoid sternocleidomastoid) origin: anterior surface of manubrium insertion: lateral surface of the mastoid process and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line nerve: spinal accessory (XI) and anterior rami of C2 and C3 action: bilateral contraction leads to flexion of the head; unilateral contraction causes rotation of head to the opposite side and movement of head toward the ipsilateral shoulder Axillary Nerve Dorsolateral view, left side The axillary nerve is a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It serves the deltoids and teres minor. In this lab we will find it on the deep side of the clavobrachialis muscle. In a later lab we will find it near its origin in the axilla. Cephalic Vein Lateral view, left shoulder The cephalic vein is observed on the superficial, lateral side of the forearm and arm. Inferior to the clavicle it passes into the axilla where it joins the axillary vein. The axillary vein passes through the thoracic wall to become the subclavian vein. Long Thoracic Nerve Ventrolateral view, left thoracic The long thoracic nerve serves serratus ventralis. It is found on the superficial side of this muscle. It is a lateral branch of the anterior rami of C5, C6, and C7. This nerve has been known by students as the Paul McCartney nerve because he named it for his famous song "The Long Thoracic Nerve", which was on an early release of the Beatles album "Let It Be". The name didn't catch on and I think he may have changed the name later. Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) Ventrolateral view, left thoracic Dorsolateral view, left side The spinal accessory nerve is cranial nerve XI. It serves the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle. We will find it on the deep side of the acromiotrapezius muscle. External Jugular Vein Ventrolateral view, left cervical The external jugular vein is observed on the superficial, lateral side of the neck. It receives blood from the head region except the cranial cavity. It joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. Thoracodorsal Nerve The thoracodorsal nerve is also called the third subscapular nerve. It is a lateral branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and serves the latissimus dorsi muscle. We will find it on the deep side of the latissimus dorsi at its humeral end. Thoracodorsal Artery Lateral view, left side The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It serves the latissimus dorsi muscle and can be observed on the deep side of that muscle at its humeral end where it runs with the thoracodorsal nerve.