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Download laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum “to praise” in the subjunctive 1
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laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum “to praise” in the subjunctive 1. Present Subjunctive: Since laudāre is a 1st conjugation verb, to form the present subjunctive change the —ā— of the stem to —ē—; for the active 1st sg., use —m, not —ō. Remember: for 2nd conjugation verbs, change the —ē— of the present indicative to —eā—; for third conjugation verbs change the —i— (or —u —) of the present indicative to —ā—; for fourth conjugation verbs and —iō verbs of the 3rd conjugation, replace the —ī— of the present indicative with —iā—. Don’t forget the handy mnemonic for remembering the vowels of the present subjunctive for the four conjugations: “We (laudat becomes laudet) hear sad friars!” (monet becomes moneat) (agit becomes agat) (audit becomes audiat) ACTIVE PASSIVE sg. laudem laudēs laudet pl. laudēmus laudētis laudent sg. lauder laudēris/laudēre laudētur pl. laudēmur laudēminī laudentur person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 2. Imperfect Subjunctive: Use the present active infinitive (= second principal part) as a stem; attach the endings of the present. (Works for all verbs, even irregulars like sum.) 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd ACTIVE sg. laudārem laudārēs laudāret pl. laudārēmus laudārētis laudārent PASSIVE sg. laudārer laudārēris/laudārēre laudārētur pl. laudārēmur laudārēminī laudārentur 3. Perfect Subjunctive: For the active: go to the 3rd principal part (= perfect active indicative, 1st sg.). Strike off the —ī to get the perfect stem. Attach the endings of the perfect subjunctive (mostly the same as sum in the future, with slight changes in the 1st sg. and 3rd pl.). [Works for all verbs, even sum.] (Perfect Subjunctive continued) For the passive: form a verb phrase using the perfect passive participle (= fourth principal part) plus the present subjunctive of sum (see section 5 below); the participle must agree with the subject in number, gender and case. [Works for all verbs that have a perfect passive participle.] 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd ACTIVE sg. laudāverim laudāverīs laudāverit pl. laudāverīmus laudāverītis laudāverint PASSIVE (masc. subject) sg. laudātus sim laudātus sīs laudātus sit pl. laudātī sīmus laudātī sītis laudātī sint 4. Pluperfect Subjunctive: For the active: use the perfect active infinitive (perfect stem + —isse) as a stem and add the endings of the present. [Works for all verbs, even sum.] For the passive: form a verb phrase using the perfect passive participle (= fourth principal part) plus the imperfect subjunctive of sum (see section 5 below); the participle must agree with the subject in number, gender and case. [Works for all verbs that have a perfect passive participle.] 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd ACTIVE sg. laudavissem laudavissēs laudavisset pl. laudavissēmus laudavissētis laudavissent PASSIVE (fem. subject) sg. laudāta essem laudāta essēs laudāta esset pl. laudātae essēmus laudātae essētis laudātae essent 5. Present & Imperfect Subjunctive of sum esse, fuī, ———: 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd present imperfect sg. sim sīs sit pl. sīmus sītis sint sg. essem essēs esset pl. essēmus essētis essen t