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Unit 1 Present Tense of Be: Affirmative and Negative Statements, Contractions The verb to be has different forms after different subjects: Examples I am from Japan The students are late You are twins! The teacher is over there Affirmative Notes Use am with the pronoun I. Use are with plural nouns and these pronouns: we, you, they, these or those. Use is with singular nouns and these singular pronouns: he, she, it, this or that Negative Examples I am not late. She is not in this class. Notes Use not after the verb be in negative sentences. Contractions are short forms. They are used in conversation and informal writing. Full forms are used in more formal writing Affirmative Full form Contractions I am Mexican. I’m Mexican. He is/she is/it is over there. He´s/she´s/it’s over there. We are/you are/they are at home. We’re/you’re/they’re at home Negative Full form Contractions I am not interested. I’m not interested. He/she/it is not here. He’s/she’s/it’s not here; he/she/it isn’t here. We/you/they are not late. We’re/you’re/they’re not late; we/you/they aren’t late. The Simple Present Tense: Information question and answers An information question begins with a question word and cannot be answered by yes or no. when a form of do separates a question word from the subject, the main verb must appear in its simple form. Question word Who Questions Who are your teachers? Who is your adviser? Who helps you? Possible answers Mr. Summers and Ms. Lee Mr. Michaels Ben and Tom Whom What Where When Why How Notes: Who/whom do you ask? What interest you? What is in the bag? What does she teach? Where is the snack bar? Where do we go now? When are our papers due? When does class begin? Why is the building closed? Why does he come so late? How is your math class? How are you? How do you get to school? My tutor Books and movies. My lunch. History. In the student center. To English class On Wednesday In five minutes. Because it’s a holiday. He has a job after school Very hard. Pretty good. By bus and subway Who refers to people. Who can be the subject of a question. Who is usually followed by a singular verb. Who (or whom) is also used as an object. Whom is used only in formal questions. Who is used in informal speech. What refers to things. What can be the subject of a question. What can also uded as an object. Where is used to ask questions about places. When is used to ask about time. Why is used to ask questions about reasons. How can refer to a degree (of something). How can refer to a state or condition (for example, health). How can be refer to a way or a method of doing something. Note: contractions for questions words + be used in informal speech are: who + is = who´s; what + is = what’s; where + is = where’s; when + is = when’s; why + is = why’s; how + is = how’s. The Simple Present Tense: Yes/No Questions and Short Answers In simple present yes/no questions, a form of the verb do comes before the subject with verbs other than be. Use does with he, she and it. Use do with I, you, we and they. In these questions, the main verb always appears in the simple form. The appropriate form of do appears in short answers. Affirmative questions Do I look like my mother? Does he do work? Do we need change? Negative questions Don’t I need a ticket? Doesn’t she need change? Doesn’t it bite? Don’t we leave soon? Affirmative answers Yes, you do. Yes he does. Yes, we do. Affirmative answers Yes, you do. Yes, she does. Yes, it does. Yes, we do. Negative answers No, you don’t. No, he doesn’t. No, we don’t. Negative answers No, you don’t No, she doesn’t No, it doesn’t No, we don’t Be: Yes/No Questions and Short Answers Affirmative question Am I early? Is she Japanese? Are you late? Are they late? Affirmative answer Yes, you are Yes, she is Yes, you are Yes, they are Negative answer No, you’re not/no, you aren’t No, she’s not/no she isn’t No, you’re not/no you aren’t No, they’re not/no, they aren’t Negative question Aren’t you early? Isn’t that woman a professor? Aren’t we late? Aren’t they late? Affirmative answer Yes. I am Yes, she is Yes, we are Yes, they are Negative answer No, I’m not No, she’s not/no, she isn’t No, we’re not/no, we aren’t No, they’re not/no, they aren´t Notes: In a yes/no question, the verb comes before the subject. Negative questions are used to express the speaker’s belief or expectation. Contractions are not used in affirmative short answers; they are used in negative short answers. The Simple Present Tense Affirmative and Negative Statement The simple present tense is used to describe everyday activities and habits, to male general statements of facts, and to express opinions with some verbs, the present simple shows an existing condition. The first three notes in the examples below apply to each type of affirmative and negative statements. Use Everyday activities and habits Examples Andres and Ricardo often study math together Notes An object sometimes follows the verb Statements of fact Opinions Existing conditions Lu speaks three languages. Dave runs quickly I don’t like the instructor. He doesn’t teach math very well I hear music. He doesn’t understand your question. With third person singular subjects, the verb ends in –s. In negative statements, do or does comes before not. The contractions are don’t and doesn’t. The main verb always appears in the simple form. Other verbs that describe an existing condition include like, need, want, seen, know, and believe. Notes: 1. Most verbs add –s to the simple form to make the third person singular: she works at the library. 2. For verbs ending in –y after a consonant, change the y to i and add –es: carry/carries; try/tries. 3. For verbs ending in –s, -z, -sh, -ch, -x or o (after a consonant), add –es: teach/teaches; pass/passes; go/goes. 4. Two verbs are irregular: be/is; have/has. Unit 2 Using articles: a/an and the A, an and the are articles. They appear before nouns; a and are are indefinite articles, they describe general nouns. The is a definite article, it describes specific nouns. Indefinite articles Definite articles Examples A: I can drive a car, but I can’t fly an airplane B: Really? I can do both A: Are you finished writing the reports yet? B: Not yet. Do you want to use the computer? A: That’s all right. I can wait. Notes The speakers are talking about cars and airplanes in general – any cars or airplanes-. The speakers are talking about specific reports and a specific computer – the reports that B is writing and the computer that B is using-. Usually a or an comes before a noun when the noun appears for the first time, after that, the appears before the noun. Examples This is a painting of an island near Paris The painting is very famous Notes It is one painting of one island. It is the specific painting described in the first sentence. There is/there are Statements and questions can be formed with there is/there are. There is is used to show that something exist or is in a place. There is is used when the noun that follows is it singular; there are is used when the noun that follows is plural. Affirmative statements Examples There is a bee on the flower. There are meadows on the way. Negative statements There is no water in my canteen. There are no rocks on the trial. Affirmative questions Is there a river near the trial? Are there any sleeping bag? Negative question Isn’t there a map of the park? Aren’t there hills on the bike? Affirmative answer Yes, there is Yes, they are Affirmative answer Yes, there is Yes, there are Notes The contraction for there is is there’s. There is no contraction for there are. There are two contractions for there is no: there isn’t AND there’s not. The contraction for there are no is there aren’t. Negative answer No, there isn’t No there aren’t Negative answer No, there isn’t No, there aren’t Possessive nouns Singular nouns Carlos Hiroshi Tomorrow The boy The lady Carlos’s or Carlos’ (car) Hiroshis’s (boots) Tomorrow’s (weather) The boy’s (pencil) The lady’s (ring) Notes: if a singular noun ends in –s, add ‘s or ‘ for the possessive form. If a singular noun does not end in –s, add ‘s. Plural nouns The boys The ladies The men The children People The boy’s (bicycles) The ladies’ (coats) The men’s (team) The children’s (toys) The lady’s (ring) The Present Continuous Tense The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the verb be + the ing form of a verb. This tense is used to talk about an action happening at the moment of speaking, or an action currently in progress. Affirmative examples She’s carrying a heavy bag. They’re relaxing by the lake. We’re learning Italian this semester. She’s majoring in biology Negative examples Hiroshi isn’t wearing boots. They aren’t going on the hike. She isn’t keeping a journal. Affirmative examples Is Carlos carrying her backpack? Are they picking flowers? Negative examples Isn’t he walking on the trial? Aren’t you getting tired? Statements Notes In the first two examples, the action is happening at the moment of speaking. In the other two examples, the action is currently in progress. Notes Form the negative by placing not between the form of be and the verb in the ing form. Yes/no questions Possible answers Yes, he is/no, he isn’t Yes, they are/no, they aren’t Possible answers Yes, he is/no he isn’t Yes, I am/no, I’m not Information questions Affirmative questions Possible answer When are we leaving? We’re leaving at noon. Why are you sneezing? I´m getting a cold. Negative questions Possible answer Who isn’t carrying a canteen? Anita and Paul aren’t. Why aren’t they wearing shoes? Their feet are hurting them. Modal Auxiliaries: Can, May, Might and Will Can, May, might and will are all modal auxiliaries. There are special verb forms. Modals do not change forms: they do not take –s or –ed. Modals are followed immediately by the simple form of a verb. Statements Affirmative examples I can swim. The rain may stop soon. The tents might fall down. We will call you tonight. She’ll go to the store. Negative examples I cannot find my watch. We may not need the compass. I might not come back. He will not go with us Modal Can Meaning Ability May/might Future possibility Will Intentions/predictions Notes In statements, modals come before the simple form of a verb. Don’t use to before the verb. Will is the only of these modals that can appear as a contraction. Notes May not and might not cannot appear as a contraction. The contraction for cannot is can’t, the contraction for will not is won’t. Examples I can speak English (I am able to speak English) He can’t swim (he isn’t able to swim) Can you dance? (Are you able to dance?) It may rain (maybe it will rain; maybe it won’t) I might not go. (maybe I won’t go; maybe I will) I’ll see you tomorrow (I intent to see you tomorrow) The movie won’t be crowed (I predict the movie won’t be crowed) Will you buy a tent? (Do you intend to buy a tent?) Unit 3 Count and Noncount Nouns There are two basic types of nous – count nouns and Noncount Nouns. Count nouns are thing you can count, such as books and pens. Noncounts nouns are things you can’t count, such as paper and ink. Count nouns (singular) A meal An egg One waiter A chair One restaurant Count nouns (plural) Three meals Some eggs Waiters Some chairs Restaurants Notes: Count nouns have both singular and plural forms. Singular count nouns can have a/an before them. Most plural count takes an –s/-es ending. Noncount nouns examples Butter, some juice, electricity, salt, some jewelry, traffic, freedom, anger, some luck. Notes: Noncount nouns are always singular and have no plural form, they do not take –s or –es endings. Most Noncount nouns refer to a whole that is made up of smaller o different parts. Some Noncount nouns describe abstract things, such as ideas, feelings and concepts. Some and any Some and any refers to an unspecified number or amount. Some and any may appear before both count and Noncount nouns. Some Any Examples Please buy some napkins There’s some milk in the cup There aren´t any plates on the table I don’t use any salt Do you have any pots in your kitchen Notes Some expresses an indefinite amount. Some is used in affirmative statements and questions. Any is used in negative statements and in affirmative and negative questions. Note: no + any before Noncount and plural count nouns means no. for example: there aren´t any hot dogs = there are not hot dogs. A lot of/Many/Much A lot of, many, and much are used to express a large quantity of something. A lot of may appear before both Noncount and plural count nouns. Many appear only before plural nouns. Much appears only before Noncount nouns. A lot of Many Much Examples She doesn’t eat a lot of hamburgers. Isn’t there a lot of alt in this soup? Are there a lot of apples at home? Many fast food restaurants serve hamburgers. I don’t like many kind of vegetables. Do many people have a poor diet? They don’t eat much red meat. We don’t drink much tea or coffee. Does chicken have much cholesterol? Don’t they eat much fish? Notes A lot of is used in affirmative and negative statements and questions. Many is used in affirmative and negative statements and questions. Much is used mainly in negative statements and affirmative and negative questions. Much usually isn’t used in affirmative statements. Asking Questions with How many and How much How many is used in questions before plural count nouns. How much is used in questions before Noncount nouns. How many How much Examples How many eggs do you want? How many cakes are you making? How much coffee does he drink? How much rice do we need? Answers Two Only one Three cups Ten pounds Note: if a unit of measurement is used with a Noncount noun, how many should be used. For example: how much coffee does he drink? Can also be expressed as How many cups of coffee does he drink? Modal Auxiliaries: Request, Offers, and Permission The modals may, can, could, will or would can be used with the simple form of a verb to make requests, offers, and to request permission. In questions, the modal appears before the subject. Examples Could you please bring a fork? Making request Possible answer Of course Would you suggest a I´d be glad to. dessert? Will you pass the salt Certainly please? Can we have a menu please? Sure Notes In these cases, we are asking someone else to do something. Could and would are used in both informal and formal situations. Can and will are informal. Note: please make any request more polite. Examples May I help you? Can I get you something to drink? Making offers Possible answers Yes. Can I get the menu? I’d like an iced tea please. Notes In these cases, we are offering to do something for someone. May is considered formal and can is less formal. Examples May we join you? Could I borrow some money? Can I use a credit card? Requesting permission Possible answers Notes No, you may not. In these cases, we want something or Yes, you can. want to do something and are asking for someone’s help or permission. No. you can’t May is considered formal. Could is used in formal and informal requests. Can is the least formal. Notes: May is not used in questions in which the subject is you. Spelling Rules for s, ed, er, est and ing Endings