Download Socio-Economic development is a process through which quality of

Socio-Economic development is a process through which quality of life of the
people can be improved. Socio-Economic planning has been used in our country as an
instrument for bringing about uniform regional development because one of the main
objectives of the developmental programmes has been a progressive reduction in
regional disparities in the pace of development. The economy of our country suffers
from large and persistent inequalities. Regional inequalities exist at many levels, and
have many different causes and manifestations. Although the government of India has
been laying much stress on wiping out regional disparities through their different
programmes and policies but the achievement is not up to the expectations. It is seen
that disparities exists at macro, meso, and micro level regions in different aspect of
socio-economic and cultural attributes of the area.
The subject of regional imbalances and the issues connected therewith came
into sharp focus with the Five-Year Plans registering the crucial need for reducing
imbalances as an instrument of all-round growth in the country. The first three FiveYear Plans were directed towards achieving the objective of higher growth rates
which resulted in widening regional imbalances in the levels of development. In the
Fourth five year Plan, a comprehensive view regarding the determinant of the
backwardness of the regions were examined and proposed a holistic approach to
reduce the causes of backwardness for balanced regional development.1 Subsequently
in every five year plan the government made emphasis to reduce the regional
inequalities by adopting different policies pertaining to the problems of the area.
The Tenth Five-Year Plan had recognised that the concept of regional
disparities would need to go beyond economic indicators and encompass social
dimensions as well. Furthermore, the focus on inter-state disparities masked the
1
Sarker, P.C., ‘Regional Imbalances in Indian Economy over plan periods’, Economic and
Political Weekly, Vol.29, No.11, Mar.12, 1994, pp.621-633.
191
incidence of intra-state disparities. The Tenth Plan had, accordingly, advocated a
multi-pronged approach to provide additional funding to backward regions in each
state, coupled with governance and institutional reforms. To remove regional disparity
the planning commission has made inclusive growth an explicit goal in the eleventh
five year plan (2007-2012). But it is seen through The Draft Eleventh Five Year Plan
(2007-2012, vol. I) that regional disparities have continued to grow and the gap has
been accentuated as the benefits of economic growth have been largely confined to
the better developed areas. The concept of inclusive growth has been included even in
Twelfth Five Year Plan with more powerful strategies for balanced socio-economic
development.
Now days the central theme of research and planning is directed towards the
upliftment of the socio-economically backward regions. Reducing regional disparities
in the level of development are of major concern for any type of spatial planning. For
focusing the attention of scientists, planners, policy makers and administrators on the
regional disparities for socio-economic development in the country, a seminar was
organized jointly by the Planning Commission, Government of India and State
Planning Institute, Government of Uttar Pradesh during 19822. Thereafter a deeper
analysis using the district level data on socio-economic indicators was made for the
States of Orissa (1992)3, Orissa (1993)4 , Andhra Pradesh (1994)5, Kerala (1994)6 ,
2
3
4
5
6
Regional Dimensions of India’s Economic Development, Proceedings of Seminar held on April
22-24, 1982 sponsored by Planning Commission, Govt. of India and State Planning Institute,
Govt. of U.P.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Classification of districts based on Socio-economic Development in Orissa’,
Yojana, 36, No. 23, 1992, pp. 9-12.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Evaluation of Economic Development in Orissa’, J. Indian Soc. Agric. Statist.,
45, 1993, pp. 249-278.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Regional Dimensions of Socio-economic Development in Andhra Pradesh’, J.
Indian Soc. Agric. Statist., 46, 1994, pp. 156-165.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Inter-Districts Disparities in Socio-Economic Development in Kerala’, J. Indian
Soc. Agric. Statist., 46, 1994, pp. 362-377.
192
Uttar Pradesh (1995)7, Maharashtra (1996)8, Karnataka (1997)9, Tamil Nadu (2000)10,
and Madhya Pradesh (2002) 11 . Many studies have been conducted regarding the
removal of regional disparities at state/district level by the scholar like
Chattopadhyaya and Pal (1972)12, Rao (1973)13, Datt and Ravallion (1993)14, Das
(1999)15, Majumder (2003)16,Kundu (2010)17 etc.
It is seen that much of the work is being done by the government as well as
academicians at macro and meso level but very few studies have been conducted at
micro level i.e., block, nyay panchayat, and village level. There is no doubt that the
government has given much stress on the removal of regional imbalances since the
inception of planned development era. But unfortunately, the present trend of socioeconomic development in the country has increased the level of disparity not only at
inter-state level but also at the intra-state and intra-district level which is attributed to
lack of proper planning development. The problem lies in our national plans because
before its implementation there is no proper identification of backward area, no
proper assessment of the productive potential resources and the nature of the problem
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Narain, P., et al., ‘Regional Disparities in the Levels of Development in Uttar Pradesh’, J. Indian
Soc. Agric. Statist., 47, 1995, pp. 288-304.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Dynamics of Socio-economic Development in Maharashtra’, J. Indian Soc.
Agric. Statist., 48, 1996, pp. 360-372.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Regional Pattern of Socio-economic Development in Karnataka.’ J. Indian
Soc. Agric. Statist., 50, 1997, pp. 380-391.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Regional Disparities in Socio-economic Development in Tamil Nadu’, J.Ind.
Soc. Agric.Statist., 53, 2000, pp. 35-46.
Narain, P., et al., ‘Dimensions of Regional Disparities in Socio-economic Development in
Madhya Pradesh’, J.Ind. Soc. Agric.Statist., 55, 2002, pp. 88-107.
Chattopadhyaya, R.N. and Pal, M.N., “Some Comparative Studies on the Composition of
Composite Regional Indices”, Indian Journal of Regional Sciences, 4(2). 1972.
Rao, S.K., “A Note on Measuring Economic Distances Between Regions in India”, Economic
and Political Weekly, 8 April. 1973.
Datt, G. and Ravallion, M., “Regional Disparities, Targeting and Poverty in India”, in Michael
Lipton and J.Van Der Gaag (ed.), Including the Poor, World Bank : Washington, D.C., 1993.
Das, A., ‘Socio-Economic Development in India: A Regional Analysis’, Development and
Society, Vol.28, No.2, Dec. 1999, pp.313-345.
Rajarshi, M., ‘Infrastructure facilities in India: District Level Availability Index’, Dec. 2003,
online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4779/ MPRA Paper No.4779, Posted 07, November
2007/04:12.
Kundu, A. and Varghese, K., ‘Regional Inequality and Inclusive Growth in India under
Globalization: Identification of Lagging States for Strategic Intervention’, OIWPS-VI, Sep. 2010.
193
faced by any region at micro level. In total micro level planning is lacking in the
programmes and policies made by the government and if it is made then it is confined
on the papers and did not reach to the ground level.
As the study area (Aligarh District) is an integral part of the country, therefore
similar condition of regional disparity exist at micro level i.e. block, nyay panchayat,
and village level. So for attaining balanced socio-economic development an attempt
has been made to analyse the levels of socio-economic development at block level to
examine the existing disparities in the study area taking into consideration of existing
socio-economic facilities and amenities. There are several methods for evaluating the
level of socio-economic development. They are principal component analysis,
multiple factor analysis, Aggregation method, monetary method, ratio method,
ranking method, composite Z-score method etc. The methodological principle
adopted for the present analysis is based on Deprivation method18 using 37 indicators.
This method is useful in preserving the real variation among different observations.
Deprivation method has been used to estimate the Human Development Index (HDI)
of each village. This method (absence of deprivation, i.e., DI) gives similar result as
the method used by UNDP to estimate HDI of each country of the world. Before
using this method all the 37 indicators (except the indicators of administrative facility
mentioned in previous chapter) have been transferred into absolute unit of
measurement, instead of number of facilities. For example, number of primary
schools per 10,000 populations, number of bus stop per 100 sq. km. area, etc. Z-score
is one of the statistical technique which is commonly used in the analysis of levels of
regional development but in the present analysis Deprivation method has been
18
Bishnoi, N.K. and Aneja, R., ‘Regional Variations of Socio-Economic Development in Haryana:
A District Level Analysis’, Indian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. XXXX, No. 2, 2008, pp.2640.
194
preferred for its more accuracy and precisions. Though the results obtained from both
the techniques are almost the same in broader spectrum.
In the deprivation method, the development index (DI) is constructed in three
steps. The first is to define a measure of deprivation that a region suffers in each
selected variable. For computing the index of deprivation, following mathematical
equation is used:
Iij = Maxi- Xij / Maxi-Mini
Where,
Iij= deprivation index of the ithvariable at jthunit of study
Xij = original value of ithvariable at jthunit of study
Maxi = maximum values of ithvariable in the series
Mini = minimum values of ith variable in the series
The second step is related to the average deprivation index by taking simple
average of all the indicators using following equation as:
n
Ij= ∑ Iij/n
I=1
Where,
Ij= index of deprivation (as an average) of jthunit of study.
Finally the development index (DI) is defined as the absence of deprivation,
which is mathematically expressed as:
DIj = (1-∑ Iij/n)
Where,
DIj= development index at jth units of study.
195
Table 5.1 Aligarh District: Sector Wise Deprivation Index of each Indicator
(2001)
SI.
No.
Block
Education
Health
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
X11
X12
X13
1.
Tappal
1.000
0.679
0.674
0.228
1.000
0.635
0.608
0.463
0.543
0.315
0.787
0.168
0.795
2.
Khair
0.595
0.501
0.468
0.609
1.000
1.000
0.599
0.726
0.526
0.767
1.000
0.585
1.000
3.
Chandaus
0.619
0.157
0.509
0.380
1.000
1.000
0.364
0.826
0.481
0.333
0.584
0.203
0.001
4.
Lodha
0.393
1.000
0.775
0.923
1.000
1.000
0.337
0.697
0.235
0.420
0.819
0.001
0.653
5.
Jawan
Sikandarpur
0.771
0.396
0.878
0.934
0.272
0.707
0.685
0.641
0.624
0.450
0.657
0.076
1.000
6.
Atrauli
0.264
0.000
0.451
0.407
0.150
0.829
0.387
0.916
0.667
0.571
0.001
0.249
1.000
7.
Bijauli
0.458
0.948
0.001
0.001
1.000
0.402
0.000
0.414
0.291
0.002
0.300
0.047
1.000
8.
Gangiri
0.937
0.875
0.700
0.949
0.323
0.728
1.000
0.733
0.919
0.488
1.000
0.663
1.000
9.
Dhanipur
0.627
0.373
0.694
0.637
1.000
1.000
0.620
0.393
0.000
0.779
1.000
0.631
1.000
10.
Akrabad
0.000
0.252
1.000
0.991
1.000
0.787
0.236
1.000
1.000
0.198
0.251
0.712
1.000
11.
Gonda
0.539
0.731
0.187
0.346
0.078
1.000
0.734
0.000
0.276
0.303
0.566
0.146
0.583
12
Iglas
0.625
0.943
0.817
1.001
0.008
0.002
0.571
1.000
0.837
1.000
0.766
1.000
1.000
(Contd…)
196
(Contd. Table 5.1)
SI.No.
Block
Transportation and Communication
X14
X15
X16
X17
X18
Electricity and Drinking
X19
X20
X21
X22
X23
Finance
X24
X25
X26
X27
1.
Tappal
0.778
1.000
0.230
0.783
1.000
0.446
0.021
0.560
0.525
0.786
0.377
0.212
1.000
0.547
2.
Khair
0.000
1.000
0.373
0.066
1.000
0.170
0.517
0.932
0.848
0.653
0.383
1.001
0.498
0.964
3.
Chandaus
0.319
0.540
0.226
0.000
0.740
0.887
0.001
0.000
0.610
0.509
0.000
0.779
0.044
0.847
4.
Lodha
0.922
0.000
1.000
0.820
1.000
0.321
0.295
0.247
1.000
1.000
1.001
0.461
1.000
0.679
5.
Jawan
Sikandarpur
0.702
0.016
0.676
1.000
1.000
0.338
0.497
0.731
0.382
0.161
0.342
0.098
0.606
0.601
6.
Atrauli
0.405
0.462
0.001
0.558
0.001
0.780
0.999
0.766
0.609
0.497
0.253
0.312
1.000
1.000
7.
Bijauli
0.214
1.000
0.739
0.682
1.000
1.001
0.497
0.604
0.637
0.239
0.377
0.356
0.463
0.001
8.
Gangiri
0.930
1.000
0.476
0.594
1.000
0.568
0.450
0.890
0.853
0.859
0.818
0.822
1.000
0.126
9.
Dhanipur
0.605
1.000
0.894
0.614
0.741
0.001
0.809
0.537
0.690
0.617
0.441
0.000
0.524
0.711
10.
Akrabad
0.744
1.000
0.423
0.597
0.688
0.688
0.706
0.337
0.001
0.000
0.139
0.882
0.425
0.235
11.
Gonda
0.704
1.000
0.229
0.553
0.729
0.628
0.559
0.999
0.659
0.839
0.700
0.732
0.001
0.533
12
Iglas
1.000
1.000
0.331
0.851
1.000
0.416
0.235
0.319
0.937
0.679
0.444
0.943
1.000
0.310
(Contd…)
197
(Contd. Table 5.1)
SI.
No.
Block
Veterinary and Agro-Economy
X28
X29
X30
X31
Market
X32
X33
X34
X35
X36
X37
1.
Tappal
0.343
0.343
1.000
0.728
0.859
0.878
0.706
0.921
1.000
0.000
2.
Khair
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.924
0.680
0.880
0.138
1.000
0.004
1.000
3.
Chandaus
0.100
0.100
1.000
1.000
0.534
1.000
0.373
0.769
1.000
1.000
4.
Lodha
0.891
0.891
0.476
0.770
0.610
0.863
0.308
0.469
1.000
1.000
5.
Jawan Sikandarpur
0.977
0.977
1.000
0.830
1.000
0.914
0.630
0.630
1.000
1.000
6.
Atrauli
0.138
0.138
1.000
0.856
1.000
0.801
0.052
0.629
1.000
1.000
7.
Bijauli
0.614
0.614
1.000
0.582
0.103
0.583
0.142
0.290
1.000
1.000
8.
Gangiri
0.380
0.380
1.000
0.240
0.393
0.000
0.729
0.000
0.267
1.000
9.
Dhanipur
0.983
0.983
0.000
0.480
0.442
0.558
0.384
0.926
0.048
0.931
10.
Akrabad
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.225
0.060
0.517
1.000
1.000
11.
Gonda
0.975
0.975
1.000
0.747
0.847
0.738
1.000
0.673
1.000
1.000
12
Iglas
0.961
0.961
1.000
0.279
0.788
0.456
0.000
0.906
1.000
1.000
Source: Computed from Census of India 2001, Village Directory
198
Table 5.2 Aligarh District: Overall Development Index of each Sector
(2001)
Block
Development Index
Rank
Within
District
Education
Health
Transportation
and
Communication
Electricity
and
Drinking
Water
Finance
Veterinary
and AgroEconomy
Market
Overall
development
1. Tappal
0.297
0.474
0.294
0.546
0.414
0.308
0.343
0.382
6
2. Khair
0.305
0.257
0.565
0.333
0.179
0.419
0.467
0.361
8
3. Chandaus
0.389
0.601
0.548
0.776
0.443
0.378
0.215
0.479
2
4. Lodha
0.151
0.548
0.323
0.291
0.287
0.250
0.306
0.308
11
5.Jawan
Sikandarpur
0.340
0.410
0.378
0.577
0.565
0.050
0.185
0.358
9
6. Atrauli
0.650
0.459
0.632
0.375
0.229
0.344
0.330
0.431
4
7. Bilauli
0.532
0.707
0.227
0.529
0.726
0.417
0.392
0.504
1
8. Gangiri
0.248
0.171
0.239
0.226
0.351
0.601
0.501
0.334
10
9. Dhanipur
0.278
0.368
0.357
0.381
0.588
0.426
0.428
0.404
5
10. Akrabad
0.328
0.372
0.310
0.764
0.486
0.462
0.356
0.440
3
11. Gonda
0.520
0.627
0.360
0.249
0.578
0.120
0.082
0.362
7
12. Iglas
0.434
0.118
0.234
0.477
0.249
0.259
0.274
0.292
12
Source: Computed from Census of India 2001, Village Directory
199
5.1 Level of Educational Development
Regional inequalities in the level of educational facilities have been measured
on the basis of six indicators identified with symbolic nomenclature X1 to X7, X1
represents the number of primary school per 10,000 population, X2 represents number
of middle school per 10,000 population, X3 represents number of secondary school
per 10,000 population, X4 represents number of senior secondary school per 10,000
population, X5 represents number of college per 10,000 population, X6 represents
number of adult literacy centre per 10,000 population. It is observed from the table
5.2 and fig. 5.1 that there exists a wide regional disparity in the distribution of
educational facilities in the district. Highest level of educational facilities has been
observed in Atrauli (0.650) block while lowest in Lodha (0.151) block. All the blocks
of the district are arranged into three categories of high (> 0.443), medium (0.3030.443), and low (< 0.303) educational development index (table 5.3).
A perusal of the table 5.2 shows that three blocks of the district account the
development index of more than 0.443 are put under high level of educational
development. Two of them, Atrauli (0.650) and Bijauli (0.532) block lie in the north
eastern part of the district whereas one of them, Gonda (0.520) block lie in the
southern part of the district.
About half (5) of the blocks lie under medium level (0.303-0.443) of
educational development, they are Khair (0.305), Chandaus (0.389), Jawan
Sikandarpur (0.340), Akrabad (0.328), Iglas (0.434). First pocket includes the blocks
of Khair, Chandaus, and Jawan Sikendarpur located in northern part, second pocket
include the block of Akrabad in the south eastern part and third pocket include the
block of Iglas in the southern part of the district.
200
Aligarh District
N
Distribution of Development Index of Education Facilities
(2001)
_
X __ 0.373
S.D. 0.140
High
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
Fig. 5.1
201
> 0.443
0.303-0.443
< 0.303
Table 5.3: Limits of Composite Indices for Different Stages of Development
Sector
Education
Health
Transport and
Communication
Electricity and
drinking Water
Finance
Veterinary and
Agro-economic
Market
Total
Composite Indices
Mean
S.D.
Limits of Composite Index for
High
Medium
Low
Level(H)
Level(M)
Level(L)
> 0.443
0.303-0.443
< 0.303
> 0.517
0.335-0.517
< 0.335
> 0.441
0.303-0.441
< 0.303
0.373
0.426
0.372
0.140
0.182
0.137
0.460
0.185
> 0.552
0.368-0.552
< 0.368
0.425
0.336
0.170
0.151
> 0.510
> 0.412
0.340-0.510
0.260-0.412
< 0.340
< 0.260
0.323
0.388
0.121
0.066
> 0.384
> 0.421
0.262-0.384
0.355-0.421
< 0.262
< 0.355
Source:Compiled by author based on Census of India 2001, Village Directory.
Table 5.2 exhibits that four blocks (Tappal, Lodha, Gangiri and Dhanipur)
with development index below 0.303 are categorized under the low level of
educational development. Tappal in the extreme north western part and Lodha,
Gangiri and Dhanipur stretches from central to the eastern part of the study area.
5.2 Level of Health Development
Regional variations in the level of development in health facilities are the
product of seven indicators, number of hospital per 10,000 population (X7), number of
dispensary per 10,000 population (X8), number of maternity and child welfare centre
per 10,000 population (X9), number of health centre per 10,000 population (X10),
number of primary health centre per 10,000 population (X11), number of primary
health sub-centre per 10,000 population (X12), number of nursing home per 10,000
population (X13). Table 5.2 depicts that the highest composite score of health
development has been recorded by Bijauli (0.707) block while lowest by Iglas (0.118)
block. For the identification of levels of health development, the blocks are arranged
in three categories of high (> 0.517), medium (0.335-0.517), and low (< 0.335) (table
5.3).
202
Table 5.2 reveals that about one third of the blocks of the district account the
composite score of development index of more than 0.517 are put under high level of
health development. The blocks of this category are Chandaus (0.601), Lodha (0.548),
Bijauli (0.707), and Gonda (0.627). This region lies in the north, central, southern and
eastern part of the study area. It covers 1104.09 sq. km (30.85 per cent) of the total
area (3579.20 sq. km), contains 697,175 persons (32.77 per cent) of total population
(2,127,592 persons) and includes 393 rural settlements (33.31 per cent) of total
inhabited rural settlements (1180 settlements).
Table 5.2 and figure 5.2 show that five blocks namely Tappal (0.474), Jawan
Sikandarpur (0.410), Atrauli (0.459), Dhanipur (0.368), and Akrabad (0.372) come
under the medium level of health development. These blocks form a cluster in the
central part and one block in the extreme north western part of the district. This region
covers an area of 1553.23 sq. km (43.40 per cent) and contains 882,042 persons
(41.46 per cent) of the total population. It has 489 rural settlements (41.44 per cent) of
the total inhabited rural settlements.
Table 5.2 exhibits that three blocks i.e. Khair (0.257), Gangiri (0.171), and
Iglas (0.118) with development index below 0.335 are categorized under low level of
health development. The region spreads over 921.88 sq. km area lies in three different
parts i.e. eastern, north western and southern part of the district. It contains 25.77 per
cent of the total population and 25.25 per cent of the total inhabited rural settlements
of the district.
5.3 Level of Transportation and Communication Development
For the identification of the inequalities in the level of development in
transportation and communication, three variables of transportation and three
203
N
Aligarh District
Distribution of Development Index of Health Facilities
(2001)
_
X_ 0.426
S.D._ 0.182
High
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
Fig. 5.2
204
> 0.517
0.335-0.517
< 0.335
variables of communication have been taken into consideration, i.e. number of bus
stop per 100 sq. km. area (X14), number of railway station per 100 sq. km. area (X15),
number of rural settlement with pucca road facility to total inhabited rural settlement
(X16), number of post office per 10,000 population (X17), number of telegraph office
per 10,000 population (X18), number of rural settlement with telephone facility to total
inhabited rural settlements (X19). Table 5.2 reveals that highest development index of
transportation and communication facility is attained in Atrauli (0.632) block where
as lowest development index is obtained by Bijauli (0.227). Figure 5.3 depicts the
three levels of transportation and communication development i.e. high, medium, and
low in the district.
Three blocks with development index value more than 0.372 comes under the
category of high level of development of transportation and communication. Blocks in
this category are Khair (0.565), Chandaus (0.548), and Atrauli (0.632). The region
covers small area (909.61 sq. km.), few number of rural settlements (298), and has
little share of population (24.50 per cent) of the district.
The development index ranging 0.303-0.441 marked for the medium level of
transportation and communication development. The blocks of this category include
Lodha (0.323), Jawan Sikandarpur (0.378), Dhanipur (0.357), Akrabad (0.310), and
Gonda (0.360) in the central and southern part of the district. It spreads over 1139.58
sq. km. area (31.84 per cent), encompasses 508 rural settlements (43.05 per cent) and
accommodates 42.25 per cent population of the district.
Four blocks have attained the development index value less than 0.303 that
come under the category of low level of transportation and communication
development. Bijauli (0.227) and Gangiri (0.239) block lies in the eastern part of the
205
Aligarh District
N
Distribution of Development Index of Transportation and
Communication Facilities
(2001)
_
_
X _ 0.372
S.D. 0.137
High
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
Fig. 5.3
206
> 0.441
0.303-0.441
< 0.303
district, Tappal (0.294) in the extreme north western part, and Iglas (0.234) in the
southern part of the district. This region covers 1240.42 sq. km. area and contains
33.25 per cent population of the district. It accounts for 31.70 per cent of total
inhabited rural settlements of the study area.
5.4 Level of Electricity and Drinking Water Development
Five variables have been taken into account for the analysis of regional
variations in the development of electricity and drinking water, they are, number of
rural settlement with electric facility for agriculture purpose to total inhabited rural
settlements (X20), number of rural settlement with electric facility for domestic
purpose to total inhabited rural settlements (X21), number of rural settlement having
tank water facility to total inhabited rural settlements (X22), number of settlement
having tap water facility to total inhabited rural settlements (X23), and number of rural
settlement having tube-well facility to total inhabited rural settlements (X24). Table
5.2 reveals that, the highest development index of electricity and drinking water
facility has been recorded in Chandaus (0.776), followed by Akrabad (0.769) while
lowest value has been recorded in Gangiri (0.226) block. Table 5.3 and fig. 5.4 reveal
the disparities in the level of electricity and drinking water development which is
categorized in three levels (high, medium, and low).
Three blocks with development index value more than 0.552 come under the
category of high level of development in terms of electricity and drinking water
facility. Blocks in this category are Chandaus (0.776), Jawan Sikandarpur (0.577), and
Akrabad (0.764). It lies in the northern and south eastern part of the district.
This group covers 906.70 sq. km. (25.33 per cent) area, few numbers of rural
settlements i.e. 286 (24.24 per cent), and 24.95 per cent of the total rural
207
Aligarh District
N
Distribution of Development Index of Electricity and
Drinking Water Facilities
(2001)
_
X _ 0.460
S.D._ 0.185
High
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
Fig. 5.4
208
> 0.552
0.368-0.552
< 0.368
population of the district.
Medium level of development of electricity and drinking water facility is
shown by five blocks having development index value ranging between 0.368-0.552.
The blocks of this category includes Atrauli (0.375), Bijauli (0.529), Dhanipur (0.381)
that lies in the north eastern part while Tappal (0.546) and Iglas (0.477) lies in the
extreme North West and southern part respectively of the study area. It spreads over
1442.12 sq. km. area (40.29 per cent) and encompasses 483 rural settlements (40.93
per cent). It accommodates 39.29 per cent rural population of the district.
Four blocks have attained the development index value less than 0.368 comes
under the category of low level of electricity and drinking water development. Out of
these four blocks Khair (0.333), Lodha (0.291), Gonda (0.249) lies in the western and
central part and Gangiri (0.226) in the extreme eastern part of the district. These
blocks cover an area of 1230.36 sq. km (34.38 per cent), accommodate 35.76 per cent
of rural population and accounts 34.83 per cent of rural settlements of the district.
5.5 Level of Financial Development
Regional disparities in the levels of development of financial facilities are
examined on the basis of three indicators, number of commercial banks per 10,000
population (X25), number of cooperative commercial banks per 10,000 population
(X26), number of credit societies per 10,000 population (X27). Table 5.2 shows that
highest development index in financial facilities is attained by Bijauli (0.726) block
followed by Dhanipur (0.588) while lowest has been scored by Khair (0.179) block.
Table 5.3 and fig. 5.5 depicts three level of financial development i.e. high (> 0.510),
medium (0.340-0.510), and low level (0.340).
209
Aligarh District
N
Distribution of Development Index of Finance
Facilities
(2001)
_
X _ 0.425
S.D._ 0.170
High
> 0.510
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
Fig 5.5
210
0.340-0.510
< 0.340
High level of financial facilities has been observed in the blocks of Jawan
Sikandarpur (0.565), Dhanipur (0.588) located in the northern and central part, Bijauli
(0.726) in the east and Gonda (0.578) in the south of the district. These blocks cover
an area of 1069.31 sq. km. and accommodate 33.31 per cent of population. 31.69 per
cent of the rural population comes under this group.
Blocks with the development index ranging from 0.340-0.510 are included
under medium level of financial development. They are Akrabad (0.486), Chandaus
(0.443), Tappal (0.414), and Gangiri (0.351). Figure 5.5 shows that Tappal and
Chandaus located in the north western part while Akrabad and Gangiri are located in
eastern part of the district. It covers 38.35 sq. km. area, contains 33.67 per cent of
population and comprises 30.85 per cent of rural settlements of the study area.
Low level of financial facilities has been observed in four blocks namely
Lodha (0.287), Iglas (0.249), Atrauli (0.229), and Khair (0.179) (table 5.2 and fig.
5.5). It spreads over 1137.34 sq. km. area of the district. This region records 33.02 per
cent of the population and 37.46 per cent of the rural settlement of the study area.
5.6 Level of Veterinary and Agro-Economic Development
Six variables have been taken into consideration for the analysis of regional
disparities in the development of veterinary and agro-economic services are, number
of veterinary hospitals per 10,000 population (X28), number of artificial breeding
centres per 10,000 population (X29), number of cold storages per 1000 of net cropped
area (X30), number of seed storages per 1000 of net cropped area (X31), number of
repairing centre of agricultural equipment per 1000 of net cropped area (X32), number
of primary agricultural loan cooperative societies per 1000 of net cropped area (X33).
211
Aligarh District
N
Distribution of Development Index of Veterinary and Agro-Economic
Facilities
(2001)
_
X _ 0.336
S.D._ 0.151
High
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
Fig. 5.6
212
> 0.412
0.260-0.412
< 0.260
Highest development index of veterinary and agro-economic services has been
recorded in Gangiri (0.601) block while lowest in Jawan Sikandarpur (0.050) block
(table 5.2). Table 5.3 and fig. 5.6 reveal the disparities in its level of development
which is categorized in three levels (high, medium, and low).
High level of veterinary and agro-economic development is shown by five
blocks having development index more than 0.412. The blocks in this category are
Gangiri (0.601), Akrabad (0.462), Dhanipur (0.426), Bijauli (0.417) lie in the eastern
part and Khair (0.419) lie in the western part of the district. This group covers 40.82
per cent of the total area, accommodate 40.83 per cent of the rural population and
46.36 per cent of the rural settlements of the study area.
Medium level of veterinary and agro-economic development is shown by
Chandaus, Atrauli, and Tappal block having development index ranging 0.260 to
0.412 (table 5.3 and fig. 5.6). These blocks cover an area of 1004.96 sq. km. and
accommodate nearly one fourth of the total rural population and settlements.
Low level of veterinary and agro-economic development have development
index less than 0.260. Blocks that come under this category are Iglas (0.259), Lodha
(0.250), Gonda (0.120), and Jawan Sikanderpur (0.050). They are found in between
high and medium level regions (fig. 5.6). It covers 1113.36 sq. km. (31.11 per cent)
area, 733,979 persons (34.50per cent), and 427 rural settlements (36.19 per cent) of
the district.
5.7 Level of Market Development
Regional disparities in market development, has been examined on the basis of
four variables i.e. number of fair price shops per 10,000 population (X34), number of
213
local markets per 10,000 population (X35), number of whole sale markets per 10,000
population (X36), number of government purchase centres per 10,000 population
(X37). Table 5.2 reveals that highest development index in market development has
been observed in Gangiri block (0.501) while lowest in Gonda block (0.082).
The value of development index more than 0.323 show a high level of market
development. The blocks under this category are Gangiri (0.501), Khair (0.467),
Dhanipur (0.428), and Bijauli (0.392) that lie in the western and eastern part of the
district (fig. 5.7). This group covers 1170.98 sq. km. area of the district. It accounts
34.01 per cent of rural population inhabiting in 32.03 per cent of rural settlements of
the district.
Medium level of market development is shown by five blocks of the district
having development index between 0.262-0.384. The blocks in this category are
Tappal (0.343) in extreme north western part, Lodha (0.306), Atrauli (0.330),
Akrabad (0.356), and Iglas (0.274) in the central and southern part of the district. The
region includes 43.98 per cent of total rural settlement, contains 40.01 per cent of total
rural population and covers 42.54 per cent of total area of the district.
Development index below 0.262 show low level of market development. The
blocks in this category are Chandaus (0.215), Jawan Sikandarpur (0.185) in the
northern part and Gonda (0.082) in the southern part of the district. It covers an area
of 885.63 sq. km. of the district. It includes 23.98 per cent of total rural settlement and
contains 25.97 per cent of the total population of the district.
5.8 Overall Socio-Economic Development
Overall Socio-Economic development is based on the composite index of 37
variables (i.e. X1, X2….X37) in each block of the district. Blocks of the district have
214
Aligarh District
N
Distribution of Development Index of Market Facilities
(2001)
_
X _ 0.323
S.D._ 0.121
High
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
215
Fig. 5.7
> 0.384
0.262-0.384
< 0.262
been grouped into three levels of development on the basis of composite index. Table
5.2 reveals that highest composite index in overall development is seen in Bijauli
(0.504) block with first rank in the district while lowest composite index in overall
development has been observed in Iglas (0.292) block with last rank in the district.
Four blocks of the district comes under high level of development having
composite development index more than 0.421 (table 5.3). Blocks of this category are
Bijauli (0.504), Chandaus (0.479), Akrabad (0.440), and Atrauli (0.431). This region
covers 1104.80 sq. km. area located in the northern, eastern and south eastern part of
the district (fig. 5.8). It accommodates 30.81 per cent of the total rural population and
31.61 per cent of total rural settlements. High level of development in these blocks is
due to accessibility by means of transportation and communication and higher number
of socio-economic facilities or services.
The development index ranges from 0.355-0.421 is considered as medium
level of overall development. Five blocks of the district show medium level of overall
development namely Tappal (0.382), Khair (0.361) in the north western part of the
district and Jawan Sikanderpur (0.358), Dhanipur (0.404), and Gonda (0.362) in the
central and eastern part of the district (fig. 5.8). This region spreads over 1577.27 sq.
km. (44.07 per cent) of the district area and contains 889,033 persons (41.79 per cent)
of the total population of the district.
The development index scoring less than 0.355 comes under low level of
overall development. Three blocks fall in this category i.e. Lodha (0.308), Gangiri
(0.334), and Iglas (0.292) located in the central and southern part of the district
(fig.5.8). It accounts 28.39 per cent of the total rural settlements, 27.40 per cent of the
total rural population and cover 25.07 per cent of the total area of the district. The
216
Aligarh District
N
Level of Socio-Economic Development
(2001)
_
X _ 0.388
S.D._ 0.066
High
5
0
5
10
Medium
15
Low
KM
Fig. 5.8
217
> 0.421
0.355-0.421
< 0.355
reason for low level development is mainly related to undeveloped transportation and
communication, less number of electric facility, drinking water facility, credit facility,
veterinary and agro-economic facility.
Above analysis reveals that there exist a wide regional variations in the level
of socio-economic development in the district. Among all the blocks of the district
Iglas block show low level of development in terms of education, health, transport
and communication, electricity and drinking water, finance, veterinary and agroeconomic facilities. Therefore, Iglas block has been selected for the micro level
planning as a case study block in order to formulate a diagnostic planning model for
balanced regional development.
218