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IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System How does the Muscular System contribute to human movement? 1.2.5 Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body. 1. See Handout- Labelling Muscles 2. Fill in table below- muscles only. Muscles of the trunk (Table 1) Muscle Location Movement Origin Insertion Rectus Abdominus Flexion Pubis Sternum and 5 & 7th ribs Exeternal Obliques Flexion Lower 8 ribs Ilium Erector Spinae Extension Ribs, vertebrae, ilium Ribs, vertebrae Strength exercise Crunches Broomstick twist Chest raises IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Muscles of the upper extremity Muscle Movement Origin Insertion Deltoid Flexion, extension and abduction of the shoulder Clavicle and scapula Lateral Humerus Pectoralis Major Flexion, adduction of the shoulder Clavicle, sternum, anterior ribs Humerus Pec Dec Bench Press Flexion Scapula Radius and ulna Biceps curls Biceps brachii Location Strength exercise Back Press Deltoid raises IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Muscle Topic 1.2: Muscular System Location Movement Origin Insertion Strength exercise Tricep extensions Triceps Brachii Extension Scapula and humerus Ulna Latissimus Dorsi Adduction and extension of the shoulder Sacrum, ilium, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Humerus Pull-ups Trapezius Extension of the shoulder Cervical and thoracic vertebrae, base of skull Clavicle and Scapula Shrugs IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Muscles of the lower extremity Muscle Location Movement Origin Insertion Iliopsoas Flexion of hip Ilium and lumbar vertebrae Inner femur Sartorius Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of hip Ilium Medial tibia Strength exercise Sit ups Walking lunges IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Muscle Quadriceps Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Topic 1.2: Muscular System Location Movement Flexion, Extension Origin Ilium – Rectus Femoris Insertion Tibia Strength exercise Squats Femur Vastus Lateralis, Vastus intermedi us, Vastus medialis Gluteus Maximus Extension and rotation of the hip Posterior ilium, sacrum and coccyx Femur One legged dead lifts Tibialis Anterior Dorsiflection and plantarflexio n Lateral tibia 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform Toe raises IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Muscle Topic 1.2: Muscular System Location Hamstrings Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus Semimembrano sus Muscle Gastrocnemiu s Location Movement Origin Insertion Flexion, extension Biceps femoris – Ischium, femur Semitend inosus – Ischium Semimem bransosu sIschium Biceps Femoris – Fibula, lateral tibia Semitendino sus – Medial tibia Semimembr anosus – Medial tibia Movement Origin Insertion Dorsiflexion and plantarfexion Posterior femur Calcaneus via Achilles tendon Strength exercise Strength ening exercise Calf raises IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Muscle Soleus Topic 1.2: Muscular System Location Movement Origin Insertion Dorsiflexion and plantarflexio n Posterior tibia and fibula Calcaneus via Achilles tendon Strength exercise Seated calf raise IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System 1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue. Functions of muscles: Outline 4 functions of muscles 1. Skeletal muscles contract exerting forces on the tendons. Tendons then pull on the bones causing joint movement. 2. Generating body heat 3. Postural muscles stabilize and maintain body positions 4. Movement of substances within the body e.g. peristalsis Properties of muscles: Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue. Contractility Extensibility Elasticity Atrophy Hypertrophy Nerve Stimulii Fed By Capillaries Shortening of the muscle. Ability to be stretched or extended. Ability of a muscle fiber to recoil and resume its resting length. Wasting of the muscle Increase in muscle Ability to receive and respond to stimuli via generation of an electrical pulse, which causes contraction of the muscle cells In the capillaries, the red blood cells provide oxygen and nutrients to the muscle tissue. Types&of&Muscles& & striated:&appearance&of light&and&dark&stripes& & IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Muscle “adapts” to meet the habitual level of demand placed on it, i.e. level of physical activity. This results in muscular hypertrophy which is a result in a increase of myofibrils as a result of increased exercise. Continuum of Physical Activity Strength trained Level of physical activity determined by the frequency of recruitment and the load. Increase muscle use – endurance training – strength training (cannot be optimally trained for both strength and endurance) Load endurance trained Decrease muscle use – prolonged bed rest – limb casting – degeneration – space flight. Frequency of recruitment Adapted from Faulkner, Green and White In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health, Ed. Bouchard, Shephard and Stephens Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994 Endurance training Little hypertrophy but major biochemical adaptations within muscle fibers. Increased numbers of mitochondria. Control 12-weeks treadmill running IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Disuse causes atrophy -- USE IT OR LOSE IT! Muscular Atrophy is a result of decrease in myofibrils through disuse Individual fiber atrophy (loss of myofibrils) with no loss in fibers. Effect more pronounced in Type II fibers. “Completely reversible” (in young healthy individuals). Muscles, like any other tissue, are fed with nutrients and cleansed of waste with a rich network of capillaries. To stimulate them, they are regulated by stimuli that travel via the nervous system. Have you ever wondered how professional tennis players are able to put a serve right on the line time after time? How about how a professional golfer is able to pull off pin point shots with extreme consistency? Aside from intense focus, these athletes are using motor learning, also known as muscle memory. This is essentially teaching your muscles how to repeat movements or techniques over and over (Morley, 2012). Read more at… http://sportsnscience.utah.edu/muscle-memory-basic/ IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1.2.2 Topic 1.2: Muscular System Distinguish between the different types of muscle. Types of muscles gall bladder skeletal striated voluntary extend intestines cardiovascular smooth conscious cardiac smooth heart veins organs skill Complete the paragraphs below using the terms in the word bank above. 1) Smooth muscle: This muscle contracts without voluntary control. It is found in the walls of our internal organs. This muscle is positioned in the diaphragm, eyes, blood vessels, stomach, gall bladder and in the uterus of females. It is also sometimes called ’ smooth muscle’ because it lacks the stripes, which are visible in striated muscle. Another example is when this type of muscle lines the walls of the blood vessels to push blood back to the heart from the lower body. This is necessary because the blood has to move against veins. 2) Cardiac muscle: This is a special type of striated muscle that is found only in the walls of the heart It contracts the heart to pump blood through it. It is different from other involuntary muscles as it contracts rhythmically and never tires. It can be trained like any other muscle, which is why we take part in cardiovascular exercise. 3) Skeletal muscle: This muscle is found all of the body and is responsible for movement through voluntary /conscious thought. When a footballer kicks a ball he is using this type of muscle in order to extend the leg and make contact. It is this type of muscle which we use to generate the skill that we use in sport. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Distinctive Features Muscle Type voluntary or involuntary control? striated or not? examples in the body? Smooth Skeletal Cardiac 1.2.4 Define the terms origin and insertion of muscles Complete the paragraph below and annotate the diagram: When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves leaving the other stationary. The points at which the tendons are attached to the bone are known as the origin and the insertion. The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary bone(s). The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving bone(s). The ulna and radius are the moving bones- insertion The humerus and scapula are stationary bones- origin IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Investigation Complete Table 1- origins and insertions (see 1.2.5 Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body) e.g. Muscle Location Rectus Abdominus Movement Origin Insertion Flexion Pubis Sternum and 5 & 7th ribs Strength exercise Crunches How muscles work? Complete the paragraphs below using words from the word bank below – you can use them more than once if necessary. Muscles work in pairs. As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes Muscles that work together are called agonist and antagonist (reciprocal inhibition). Muscles have to work in pairs because a muscle can only pull on a bone, it can’t push the bone back to its original position - the other muscle is responsible for this. A good example of this pairing is the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii . As the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps brachii relaxes and the elbow joint is flexed/shortened To straighten the arm, the biceps brachii relaxes and the triceps brachii contracts. WORD BANK Agonist Antagonist relaxes flexed/ shortened contracts pull muscle triceps brachii original position biceps brachii original position IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1.2.3 Topic 1.2: Muscular System Annotate the structure of skeletal muscle Hierarchy of skeletal muscle structure Skeletal muscle structure Fasiculli Actin and Myosin Muscle fiber Myofilaments Myofibrils Sarcomere Define the following terms: Hypertrophy:an increase of myofibrils; and increase in muscle Atrophy: a decrease in myofibrils/muscle mass; If you don’t use it, you lose it. Reversible in healthy young individuals. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Skeletal Muscle matching activity Answers – B, F, C, A, G, D, E IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Component Epimysium Description Perimysium Endomysium Muscle fibre Myofibril Sarcomere Actin Myosin In pairs using paper and straws, make a model of the structure of skeletal muscle. Try to include all the components listed in the table above. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System The Structure of Skeletal Muscle 1. Now draw and label your own. Label a typical section of skeletal muscle. Include the following: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere 2. Draw and label the functional unit of skeletal muscle, the sarcomere. Show three repeating units and indicate the following: actin, myosin, z line IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 1.2: Muscular System Review Neatly identify the following muscles on the images below: I) on the anterior side deltoid, pectoralis, sartorius, iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis, vastus lateralis), tibialis anterior, abdominus rectus, external obliques, biceps brachi II) on the posterior side trapezius, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), gastrocnemius, soleus, erector spinae
