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Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Sedimentary Rock Teams: Breccia Sandstone Siltsone Shale Limestone Shale Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 9 Metamorphic Rocks Learning Objectives 1) I can explain what defines a metamorphic rock as well as why they are valuable. 2) I can describe the three types of metamorphism: regional and contact metamorphism and metamorphism with chemically active fluids 3) I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths 4) I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. 5) I can relate metamorphic rock type, facies, and grade to different tectonic processes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 9 Metamorphic Rocks Learning Objective 1 I can explain what defines a metamorphic rock as well as why they are valuable. Team Competition Metamorphic rocks are derived from rocks Rock metamorphism is caused by involves changes in , and of a rock If a rock is heated to the point at which it melts then Presented by Team Breccia Critique by Team Sandstone Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. . Learning Objective 1 I can explain what defines a metamorphic rock as well as why they are valuable. Metamorphic Rocks are commonly exposed at the surface: In mountain ranges As old rocks in continental interiors Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 1 I can explain what defines a metamorphic rock as well as why they are valuable. Geology in OUR LIVES Marble from Carrara, Italy Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 1 I can explain what defines a metamorphic rock as well as why they are valuable. Geology in OUR LIVES Slate roof schist marble countertops Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 1 I can explain what defines a metamorphic rock as well as why they are valuable. Ore deposits: are found in igneous rocks (crystal settling) and metamorphic rocks. Many metallic ores are created by metamorphism due to rock interaction with chemically reactive fluids Learning Objective 2 I can describe the three types of metamorphism: regional and contact metamorphism and metamorphism with chemically active fluids Team Competition Contact metamorphism is defined as often occurs Regional metamorphism is defined as often occurs Presented by Team Sandstone Contact metamorphism and . and . Critique by Team Siltstone Regional metamorphism Learning Objective 2 I can describe the three types of metamorphism: regional and contact metamorphism and metamorphism with chemically active fluids Wealth of ores in massive sulfides produced by hydrothermal venting Learning Objective 2 I can describe the three types of metamorphism: regional and contact metamorphism and metamorphism with chemically active fluids Iron sulfide HOT FLUID, interacts with rock & causes metamorphism (metasomatism) Products often found in hydrothermal vein fillings and massive sulfides. Learning Objective 2 I can describe the three types of metamorphism: regional and contact metamorphism and metamorphism with chemically active fluids Ore deposits: are found in igneous rocks (crystal settling) and metamorphic rocks. Many metallic ores are created by metamorphism due to rock interaction with hot, chemically reactive fluids Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Question 1: Which of these are foliated rocks? A. B. C. D. Phyllite Quartzite & Marble Gneiss & Phyllite Marble & Phyllite Quartzite & Gneiss Marble Quartzite Gneiss Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Question 2: Which of these are nonfoliated rocks? A. B. C. D. Phyllite Quartzite & Marble Gneiss & Phyllite Marble & Phyllite Quartzite & Gneiss Quartzite Gneiss Marble Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Question 3: Which of these are foliated rocks? A. B. C. D. Quartzite & Anthracite Gneiss & Schist Quartzite & Schist Antracite & Gneiss Schist Anthracite Quartzite Gneiss Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Question 4: Which of these are nonfoliated rocks? A. B. C. D. Schist & Metaconglomerate Slate & Hornfels Slate & Schist Metaconglomerate Metaconglomerate & Hornfels Schist Hornfels Slate Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Team Competition Granite is an rock; gneiss is a Foliation is created when Foliation occurs in what type of metamorphism? Presented by Team Siltstone rock. . . Critique by Team Shale Directed Stress Gneiss Granite Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Team Competition Conglomerate is a rock; metaconglomerate is a Nonfoliation metamorphic rocks are created by Nonfoliated rocks occur by what type of metamorphism? Presented by Team Shale Critique by Team Limestone Metaconglomerate Conglomerate rock. . . Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Question 5 The parent rock, or protolith of metaconglomerate is... A) Shale B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Conglomerate E) None of the above: Metaconglomerate IS a protolith Metaconglomerate Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Question 6 The parent rock, or protolith of Slate is... A) Shale Slate B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Coal E) None of the above: Slate IS a protolith Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths FOLIATED metamorphic rocks: aligned or bands of minerals deformed by directed stress. Some (slate) break along cleavage planes created by mineral layers (not along crystalline structure that creates cleavage of minerals) Slate (aphanitic) Fractures along parallel planes. Gneiss Minerals segregated into bands. Phyllite Parallel mineral arrangement. Schist - parallel to subparallel arrangement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Shale (sedimentary rock made of clay) Shale is the protolith of slate Slate is the protolith of phyllite Phyllite is the protolith of schist Slate Schist is the protolith of gneiss Phyllite Phyllite Schist Gneiss Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Nonfoliated rocks recrystallize without directed stress so there is no mineral alignment. This often occurs by contact metamorphism. Team Competition Match daughter metamorphic rocks (left) with the parent protoliths (right) Presented by Team Limestone Critique by Team Breccia Quart Sandstone Quartzite Hornfels Shale Marble Conglomerate Anthracite Metaconglomerate Coal Limestone Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Nonfoliated rocks are recrystallized but without directed stress so there is no mineral alignment. This often occurs by contact metamorphism Quart Sandstone Quartzite Shale Hornfels Limestone Marble Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 3 I can explain the different types of foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, how they form, and identify their protoliths Increasing metamorphic grade Marble Metaconglomerate Anthracite Hornfels Quartzite Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 4 I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. Question 1: In which direction is temperature AND pressure increasing A. Upper right to lower left Protolith or B. Top to bottom C. Upper left to lower right D. Lower left to upper right E. Right to left Learning Objective 4 I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. Shale Protolith or Slate Phyllite Phyllite Schist Gneiss Learning Objective 4 I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. Slate Phyllite Phyllite Schist Gneiss Learning Objective 4 I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. Team Points These minerals are effective geothermometers (measure temperature) and geobarometers (measure pressure). If you had a metamorphic rock that had garnet in it. You could infer it came from what depth and what temperature? Learning Objective 4 I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. Team Points True or False: Feldspar and Quartz are excellent geobarometers and geothermometers. FALSE Learning Objective 4 I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. Team Points A large geothermal gradient corresponds to a rapid increase in temperature with depth; a low geothermal gradient corresponds to a slow increase in temperature with depth 1) Which line represents the greater geothermal gradient A (i) active volcano B This contour marks where temperature is 500oC 2) Order tectonic settings (i)-(iii) from lowest to highest geothermal gradient (ii) continental subduction zone (iii) mountain belt Learning Objective 4 I can relate the foliated metamorphic rocks, index minerals, and metamorphic facies, to the degree of metamorphic grade. The appearance, “face”, or “facies” of a metamorphic rock depends on the assemblage (combination) of the minerals that form at different pressures and temperatures. There are 7 metamorphic facies that form at different metamorphic grades. Do you see the face in this eclogite? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 5 I can relate metamorphic rock type, facies, and grade to different tectonic processes There are 7 dominant mineral assemblages or metamorphic facies that form under different metamorphic grades. Team Points: Match 5 yellow trajectories below with the arrows indicating the evolutionary paths of hypothetical rocks marked by the asterisks *. Answers 1) near volcano (contact metamorphism) 2) subducting plate 3) mountain building 4) deep burial 5) accretionary prism 1) 2) 3) 5) 4) Deep Burial Mountain building Near volcano * * * * * Accretionary prism Subducting plate