Download Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 16

Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 16
1. All of the following were anti-Hapsburg leaders during the Thirty Years’ War EXCEPT
A. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
B. Christian IV of Denmark
C. Oliver Cromwell of England
D. Cardinal Richelieu of France
E. Louis XIII of France
2. The Instrument of Government (1653)
A. recognized demands made by leaders of the Fronde.
B. was drawn up by John Locke for use in the Carolinas.
C. authorized the execution of Charles I of England.
D. recognized Scotland and Ireland as independent nations.
E. established Cromwell’s Protectorate.
3. King Henry IV of France granted toleration to French Calvinists or Huguenots in his
A. Edict of Potsdam.
B. Edict of Fontainbleu.
C. Edict of Nantes.
D. Concordat of Bologna.
E. Peace of Amiens.
4. British Calvinism or Puritanism, as a movement, grew and prospered during the reign of
Queen Elizabeth I because
A. of her failure to implement the reforms of the Council of Trent.
B. of her publicly stated intention of ridding England of all Puritans, at whatever cost
C. of its unified opposition to Anglican ritual and liturgy.
D. of her direct financial support and official approval.
E. of international support from Germany and Scandinavia.
5. The Peace of Utrecht (1713)
A. resulted in France’s political and economic collapse.
B. resulted in England becoming Europe’s most powerful nation.
C. ended the wars of the Age of Louis XIV.
D. resulted in the unification of Germany.
E. ended almost a century of religious conflict in Europe.
6. The Austrian Hapsburgs consolidated their control over Bohemia and Austria during the 17th
and 18th centuries by
A. granting local control to regional diets.
B. suppressing Protestantism or forcibly converting Protestants.
C. curbing the privileges of the local Catholic clergy.
D. abolishing serfdom and traditional feudal obligations.
E. allowing each region to establish its own national identity.
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7. All of these statements concerning the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries are true
EXCEPT:
A. It allowed a fair degree of religious diversity within its borders.
B. Its small geographical extent permitted a relatively uncomplicated and simple mode of
governmental control.
C. Its subject peoples enjoyed a fair degree of local autonomy.
D. It demanded tribute from all subject populations within its borders.
E. Non-Muslim peoples within the Empire often received equal justice to that meted out
to orthodox Muslims.
8. Any 17th century Polish nobleman could “explode the diet.” This means that he could
A. veto and thus delay passage of any legislation.
B. participate directly in the election of a Holy Roman Emperor.
C. hold the national congress in chambers until agreement on a bill was achieved.
D. dissolve the national congress single-handedly.
E. dismiss other nobles from their positions within the national congress.
9. Which of these nations in the mid-18th century identified militarism and state service as
supreme human virtues:
A. Russia
B. France
C. Austria
D. Sweden
E. Prussia
10.The most common and prevalent symbol of aristocratic privilege in Europe from the medieval
age to fairly recent modern times has been
A. inheritable titles of nobility.
B. political and social status.
C. conspicuous wealth.
D. land ownership.
E. military status.
11. The Petition of Right (1628)
A. was an attempt by King James I of England to increase tax revenues in defiance of
Parliament’s wishes.
B. was an attempt by King James II of England to impose Catholicism upon England.
C. specified that the King of England could impose no taxes upon the realm without the
agreement of Parliament.
D. proclaimed Parliament’s right to execute King Charles I for treason against the state.
E. was written by King James I of England and expounded upon his conviction that he
had been appointed king by God.
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12. During the second half of the 17th century, the monarch who was principally responsible for
Prussia’s rapidly increasing power was
A. Frederick the Great
B. The Elector Frederick William
C. Frederick I
D. Frederick William I
E. Frederick III
13. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Austria was compelled to fight long and hard
on two different fronts against
A. Italy and Prussia.
B. England and Russia.
C. France and the Ottoman Empire.
D. Prussia and the Ottoman Empire.
E. France and Italy.
14. As a consequence of the Great Northern War (1700-1721), Peter the Great of Russia
A. claimed Finland and the Karelian Peninsula.
B. drove the Ottoman Turks from the northern shores of the Black Sea
C. extended Russian authority across the taiga of Siberia.
D. seized lands on the Baltic Sea, soon to be developed into the city of St.Petersburg,
Russia’s “window on the West.”
E. destroyed the political influence of the streltsy and of the Old Believers.
15. King Henry VIII’s principal assistant in gaining great political power during the 1530’s was
A. Thomas Cranmer.
B. Thomas More.
C. Thomas Wolsey.
D. Thomas a Kempis.
E. Thomas Cromwell.
16. In his work Leviathan, British author Thomas Hobbes advocated absolutism as the best
possible form of government. He based his particular form of absolutism upon
A. the contractural transfer of sovereignty from a subject people to a monarch.
B. inheritable dynastic right.
C. the theory of “divine right monarchy.”
D. tradition dating from medieval times.
E. human rationality, goodness and wisdom.
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17. All of the following statements about the Dutch Republic in the 17th century are true
EXCEPT:
A. Religious toleration was granted to Catholics and Jews.
B. Dutch overseas trade and colonialization was extended to Africa, the New World and
the Far East.
C. The Dutch florin (also called gulden or guilder) became an important medium of
international exchange.
D. The patronage of rich merchants led to the creation of numerous works of original art,
especially in painting.
E. The Dutch government was highly centralized under powerful monarchs from the
ruling House of Orange.
18. Which of the following is the reason for the calling of the last Estates General (1614) before
the French Revolution?
A. King Henry IV needed the financial support of French aristocrats for a war against the
Austrian Hapsburgs.
B. The assassination of King Henry IV necessitated the election of a new king.
C. New mercantilist tariffs and taxes required approval of the Estates General.
D. The Queen Mother, Marie de Medicis, sought support of that body against powerful
nobles who had come to control the realm, but it proved quarrelsome and impotent.
E. Jean Baptiste Colbert’s economic policies had brought France to the brink of
bankruptcy.
19. Gallican Rights or Gallican Liberties refer to
A. France’s claims upon lands in Holland and Belgium.
B. France’s claims upon lands in Britain.
C. the French monarch’s right to exercise a degree of national control over Catholic
churches, properties and revenues within his realm.
D. the French monarch’s right to protect his realm and to maintain the integrity of his
national borders with his army and navy.
E. the right of religious minorities within France to receive toleration for their beliefs and
equal justice under the law
20.During the English Civil War of the 1640’s, this social group offered the greatest support to
the Cavaliers and Royalists who supported Charles I:
A. Anglican clerics
B. Levellers and Diggers
C. British aristocrats
D. Middle-class merchants
E. Lawyers, judges, doctors and professors
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21. During the 17th century, all of the following represented challenges to British royal authority
EXCEPT
A. Parliament
B. The New Model Army
C. Cavaliers
D. Puritans
E. Roundheads
22. The Clarendon Code, enforced in England from 1661 to 1665,
A. attempted to re-establish Puritan rule in England.
B. prohibited grain profiteers from artificially raising the price of wheat and barley.
C. excluded Catholics and Presbyterians from political office.
D. required the British colonies in America to trade only with England.
E. prevented British goods from being shipped to their destinations in Dutch merchant
vessels.
23. Peter the Great’s purpose in building the city of St.Petersburg was
A. to create a fortress for defending Mother Russia from the Mongol hordes.
B. to create a secure base from which Russian troops could attack Muslim forces in the
Crimea and on the Black Sea.
C. to create a religious center in opposition to the Eastern Orthodox Christian community
of Moscow.
D. to give Russia easy access to Western commerce and influences.
E. to create a port from which Russian ships could attack enemy forces in Poland and
Siberia.
24. During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), Frederick the Great of Prussia did
all of the following EXCEPT:
A. He annexed Silesia.
B. He forced other European nations to respect Prussia’s power and military capability.
C. He allied himself with Maria Theresa against Joseph II of Austria.
D. He fought Great Britain, which had allied itself with Austria.
E. He allied himself with Bavaria, France, Poland and Spain.
25. “The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth: for kings are not only God’s
lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself they are called
gods....” This statement illustrates
A. the theory of natural rights.
B. the theory of the divine right of kings.
C. the principle of constitutional monarchy.
D. the principle of popular sovereignty.
E. the theory of Gallican rights.
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26. The author of the statement quoted in #25 above was:
A. John Locke
B. King James I of England
C. John Calvin
D. Jean Jacques Rousseau
E. Baron Montesquieu
27. What was the major significance of the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile in 1469?
A. It allied Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
B. It allied Spain and the Dutch Republic.
C. It allied the two largest regions of Spain and laid the foundations of the modern nation
of Spain.
D. It allied the Spanish and French Bourbons into a single dynasty which would rule
Spain for over a century.
E. It signaled the end of Spain’s crusade against the Spanish Moors.
28. Which of the following statements is true concerning the rulers of Austria and Prussia during
the 17th century?
A. They patterned their governments on those of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire.
B. They created strong, centralized governments and ruled over racially and culturally
uniform populations.
C. They abolished serfdom.
D. They maintained permanent standing armies.
E. They created vigorous proto-industrial and capitalistic economies for their nations and
encouraged in each area the growth of a productive bourgeoisie.
29. The Stuart Restoration of 1660 accomplished all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Parliament became a powerful body with wide-ranging legislative powers.
B. The long-standing policy of royal absolutism was abolished.
C. England’s written constitution was repealed.
D. Anglicanism again became England’s official state religion.
E. King Charles II ascended the throne but was subject to stringent restrictions upon his
royal power.
30. French Bishop Jacques Bossuet was an ardent advocate of
A. popular sovereignty.
B. royal absolutism.
C. the divine right of kings.
D. parliamentary government.
E. papal universal monarchy.
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31. Place these events in the proper chronological order: (1) The Treaty of Westphalia, (2) The
Great Northern War, (3) the accession of the Stuart Dynasty to the throne of England, (4) Peter
the Great’s “Grand Tour” of Western Europe, (5) Charles V’s accession to the imperial throne of
the Holy Roman Empire.
A. 3,2,1,5,4
B. 3.5,1,4,2
C. 5,3,1,4,2
D. 2,4,1,3,5
E. 4,2,1,5,3
32. The first British monarch who agreed not to suspend existing laws without consent of
Parliament, not to enforce his will upon the British people without consent of Parliament, and not
to raise or maintain a standing army within the kingdom without consent of Parliament was
A. George I
B. William III
C. Queen Anne
D. Charles II
E. Henry VIII
33. Which of the following factors contributed most to the economic decline of Spain in the 17th
century?
A. loss of viable markets overseas for its manufactured goods.
B. loss of its lucrative colonies in the Far East.
C. failure to achieve domestic self-sufficiency and a productive bourgeoisie
D. expulsion of the Moors
E. loss of its fleet in the destruction of the “Invincible Armada”
34. Which of these statements is TRUE concerning Cardinal Richelieu of France (1585-1642)?
A. He opposed the expansion of the French king’s political power and authority.
B. He expelled the Huguenots from France.
C. He strengthened the king’s system of local control through “intendants.”
D. He abolished the sale of political and clerical offices in France.
E. He lent support to French nobles who opposed the king and who sought to regain their
medieval feudal privileges.
35. Elizabeth I of England and some of her contemporaries, including Henry IV of France, have
been called “politiques” by historians. This means that
A. they insisted upon religious unity within their realms, seeing it as the key to political
unity.
B. they considered religious issues as important as political issues.
C. they considered religious issues more important than political issues.
D. they believed political leaders should not concern themselves with religious issues.
E. they considered religious issues less important than political issues.
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36. Which of the following was an official policy of Peter the Great of Russia:
A. tax relief for Russia’s poorest citizens
B. abolition of serfdom
C. restriction of trade and contact with Europe
D. encouragement of centuries-old traditional dress and custom
E. military conscription and service for all adult males
37. The principal reason why England reverted to monarchy following Oliver Cromwell’s reign:
A. a failing economy
B. lack of broad popular support for a Puritan government
C. popular support for a return to absolutist government
D. seizure of the government by royalist sympathizers
E. dissatisfaction with Cromwell’s foreign policies
38. King James I’s famous statement, “No bishop, no king” was a defiant reply to English
A. Parliament.
B. Catholics.
C. Calvinists.
D. Anglicans.
E. nobility.
39. Which of the following statements best describes the Russian “streltsi”?
A. an elite military group with influence in Russian politics
B. intellectuals who were influential at the Romanov court
C. leaders and participants of the Decembrist revolt of 1825
D. leaders of the Russian Orthodox church
E. middle class, bourgeois shopkeepers and professionals
40. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, Spain agreed to recognize this European nation’s
limited right to territory in the New World
A. Great Britain
B. Portugal
C. Austria
D. Italy
E. France
41. Which of the following statements, describing Russia in 1682 when Peter the Great became
tsar, is inaccurate?
A. the Russian nobility had been crushed by the Romanovs
B. there was division within the Russian Orthodox church
C. Russia had no access to the Baltic or Black Seas
D. there was only very limited contact with Western Europe
E. the Russian economy was based on agricultural productivity
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42. The term “sovereignty,” describing the carefully defined, unconstrained and absolute power
of a monarch, was coined by
A. Jean Bodin.
B. Niccolo Machiavelli.
C. Thomas Hobbes.
D. John Locke.
E. Cardinal Richelieu.
43. Robert Walpole is often identified in history as
A. the first English prime minister.
B. the inventor of the steam engine.
C. the founder of the British trade union movement.
D. the discoverer of oxygen.
E. the first British author to advocate social reform
44. The power of the Prussian Hohenzollern dynasty depended in large part upon the cooperation
of Prussian
A. bankers.
B. Junkers.
C. courts.
D. intellectuals.
E. protestants.
45. The Peace of Utrecht (1713) altered the European balance of power by
A. halting French expansionism.
B. transferring some Austrian territory to other nations.
C. forcing Britain to relinquish some colonial territory.
D. granting sovereignty over Belgium to the Netherlands.
E. granting independence to Spanish colonies in the New World.
46. Identify below the primary cause of the Hapsburg-Valois dynastic feud which dominated
European international politics during the 16th century:
A. religious controversy between Protestants and Catholics
B. economic conflict over sources of raw materials
C. competition for overseas colonies
D. conflicting political ambitions of the two families
E. tension over conflicting territorial claims in Germany
47. Which of these statements is accurate concerning Frederick William I of Prussia (17131740):
A. He lived lavishly on taxes collected by his bureaucrats.
B. He built a powerful army and instilled a respect for military values within Prussian
society.
C. He refused to employ commoners in his bureaucracy.
D. He shared political power with the bourgeoisie.
E. He encouraged the development of local self-government.
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48. The last aristocratic revolt against the growing power of the French monarchy (1648-1652) is
called
A. the Mazarinade.
B. the Reconquista.
C. the Fronde.
D. the War of the Three Henries.
E. the Inquisition.
49. Poland’s decline as a major political power during the 17th century can be attributed largely
to
A. the Pope’s refusal to recognize the legitimacy of its kings.
B. a drastic decline in population from the ravages of the Thirty Years’ War.
C. its defeat by the Ottoman Turks.
D. its failure to create a literate, educated society.
E. the absence of a powerful central government.
50. This European monarch envisioned himself as a “Sun King,” a monarch who stood at the
center of his own political universe, while his ministers and subjects depended upon him as
planets depend upon the sun:
A. Frederick the Great of Prussia
B. Peter the Great of Russia
C. Louis XIV of France
D. Henry VIII of England
E. Philip II of Spain
51. Russia’s rise to power under Peter the Great was accomplished largely at the expense of these
nations:
A. Portugal and the Dutch Republic
B. Sweden and Poland
C. Austria and Prussia
D. Italy and Spain
E. Britain and France
52. All of the following statements concerning Cardinal Richelieu are true EXCEPT:
A. He sought to weaken the power of the French nobility.
B. He waged war on French protestants.
C. He deprived the Huguenots of their religious rights.
D. He supported German protestants against the Hapsburgs.
E. He supported Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years’ War.
53. Following the execution of Charles I, England was governed by
A. William and Mary
B. Mary Tudor
C. Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell
D. Charles II
E. Mary Stuart
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54. As a consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689,
A. the Hanoverian dynasty came to the British throne.
B. Oliver Cromwell was overthrown.
C. Anglicanism became England’s official religion.
D. Charles I was executed.
E. the British king became a constitutional monarch.
55. The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in the 17th century principally because of
A. its agricultural innovations.
B. its military strength.
C. its literary and artistic creativity.
D. its religious unity.
E. its shipping and commerce.
56. All of the following statements about mercantilism are true EXCEPT:
A. A nation should attempt to become economically self-sufficient.
B. A nation should not interfere in the development of business and trade.
C. A nation should regulate tariffs and improve harbors and roads.
D. Exports should exceed imports.
E. Colonies should provide raw materials at low prices and act as secondary markets for a
nation’s finished goods.
57. The author of Leviathan, a work which advocated royal absolutism was:
A. Denis Diderot of France
B. John Locke of England
C. Thomas Hobbes of England
D. Jean Jacques Rousseau of France
E. Jean Bodin of France
58. All of the following methods were employed by King Louis XIV of France to maintain
absolute central control over his nation EXCEPT:
A. He called the Estates General into session.
B. He kept himself informed about events in all parts of France through a system of
intendants.
C. He built the palace at Versailles as a focus for his royal majesty and power.
D. He compelled many noblemen of suspect loyalty to live with him at Versailles.
E. He instituted a policy of Catholic religious orthodoxy.
59. Peter the Great’s principal foreign policy achievement was
A. the acquisition of Finland
B. the acquisition of ports on the Baltic Sea
C. a defensive alliance with England
D. a defensive alliance with Prussia
E. the defeat of France in the Great Northern War
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60. In France, Intendants were
A. royal orders of execution.
B. regional courts dominated by local nobles.
C. royal censors.
D. royal representatives to the papal court in Rome.
E. regional government agents.
61. The Spanish Netherlands eventually evolved into the nation of
A. Holland.
B. Luxembourg.
C. Wallachia.
D. Ruthenia.
E. Belgium.
62. Which of these forms of government would a politique likely approve of?
A. a secular state
B. a theocracy
C. a parliamentary government
D. a constitutional monarchy
E. a feudal state owing allegiance to the Pope
63. Participants of the Fronde primarily opposed
A. the independent power of French landlords.
B. absolute monarchy.
C. the French nobility.
D. a rebellious peasantry.
E. an independent clergy.
64. King James I of England is credited with the statement: “No Bishop, No King.” He meant
A. that bishops did not owe their appointments or their allegiance to the king.
B. that kings did not require bishops in order to rule effectively.
C. that if the authority of bishops were openly questioned, then the authority of kings
might be questioned also.
D. that kings were not required to follow the suggestions of bishops.
E. that neither bishops nor kings were absolutely essential to the effective governance of
England.
65. The Petition of Right of 1628 established all of the following political rights EXCEPT
A. Parliament’s consent was required for any new tax.
B. Citizens could not be compelled to lodge soldiers within their homes.
C. Martial law could not be imposed by the government in peace time.
D. Citizens could not be imprisoned for failure to pay taxes unapproved by Parliament.
E. Citizens had a natural right to free education and to employment at reasonable wages.
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66. All of the following statements about Oliver Cromwell are true EXCEPT:
A. He illegally ordered the execution of Charles I.
B. He established a republican form of government for England.
C. His popularity led to the abolition of monarchy in England for the remainder of the
century.
D. He dismissed parliaments as he saw fit.
E. He held the title Lord Protector.
67. According to mercantile theory, all of these statements are true EXCEPT:
A. Colonies were to be run for the benefit of the mother country.
B. Colonies should be free to develop themselves, according to their own abilities and
inclinations.
C. Colonies were to be an important source of raw materials.
D. Colonies were to be markets for finished goods from their mother countries.
E. Colonies should contribute to a favorable balance of trade for their mother countries.
68. The Glorious Revolution accomplished all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. It made William of Orange the king of England.
B. It guaranteed the right of free speech to Parliament.
C. It made England’s king a constitutional monarch.
D. It created a bourgeois government led by a prime minister.
E. It guaranteed the people’s right to petition the king.
69. Peter the Great developed Russia in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:
A. He rewarded nobles for service and loyalty.
B. He modernized military and governmental administration.
C. He encouraged the development of Russia’s middle class.
D. He encouraged modern, European fashions and practices.
E. He encouraged Russia’s cultural contacts with Europe.
70. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expelled from their nation a large number of Spanish
A. protestants.
B. Catholics.
C. Jews.
D. monks.
E. mercenary soldiers.
71. The major effect of Pride’s Purge in 1648 was
A. to rid Parliament of anti-Puritan elements.
B. to give Oliver Cromwell virtual control of Parliament.
C. to ban all Puritans from Parliament.
D. to create a Puritan monarchy.
E. to end Oliver Cromwell’s political career.
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72. Which of the following represented the greatest threat to the absolute authority of 17th
century monarchs?
A. national assemblies such as Parliament and the Estates General
B. standing armies and artillery
C. the ecclesiastical authority of bishops, archbishops and popes
D. civil servants of national bureaucracies
E. underground opposition as that of Levellers, Diggers and Anabaptists
73 Jean Baptiste Colbert promoted France’s economy in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A. He had a large merchant fleet constructed.
B. He had new roads and canals built.
C. He had high protective tariffs enacted.
D. He lent state support to domestic proto-industries.
E. He destroyed France’s craft guilds.
74. Which of these wars was concluded by the Peace of Utrecht?
A. the War of the Spanish Succession
B. the War of the Austrian Succession
C. the Thirty Years’ War
D. the Great Northern War
E. the Seven Years’ War
75. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1721 stipulated that
A. a Bourbon candidate could ascend the Spanish throne.
B. a Bourbon candidate could never ascend the throne of Spain.
C. a woman should peacefully inherit the Austrian throne.
D. Silesia fell within Prussia’s sphere of political influence.
E. Russia had a legal right to Polish territory.
76. Dutch painters of the early 17th century emphasized
A. bourgeois tastes and values.
B. mythological themes from classical culture.
C. Catholic themes and stories from the Bible.
D. aristocratic tastes and values.
E. war and military themes.
77. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 accomplished all of the following ends EXCEPT:
A. James II abdicated the throne and fled England.
B. A Bill of Rights was approved and officially sanctioned.
C. William III and Mary II ascended the British throne.
D. All future British monarchs were required to be Anglicans.
E. British Puritans were compelled to emigrate from England.
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78. Which of the following wars was NOT one of Louis XIV’s many, expensive conflicts?
A. the War of Devolution
B. the Dutch War
C. the War of the Spanish Succession
D. the War of the League of Augsburg
E. the Seven Years’ War
79. Cardinal Richelieu served as Foreign Minister to which of these French monarchs?
A. Louis XII
B. Henry IV
C. Louis XIV
D. Louis XIII
E. Francis I
80. In his Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), Louis XIV
A. officially abolished the Edict of Nantes.
B. declared war upon the Dutch Republic.
C. ordered the execution of rebels who had participated in the Fronde.
D. formed a defensive alliance with Austria against Prussia.
E. initiated a trade war with Britain.
81. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
A. officially recognized the independence of the Netherlands from Spain.
B. ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
C. ended the War of the Austrian Succession.
D. ended the Great Northern War.
E. officially gave Great Britain control of Gibraltar.
82. The King of Sweden during the Great Northern War was
A. Christian IV.
B. Charles XII.
C. Haakon I.
D. Gustavus Adolphus.
E. Christian I.
83. France was opposed in the War of the Spanish Succession by the Grand Alliance, made up of
A. England, Spain, Prussia and Holland.
B. Russia, Spain, Austria and Prussia.
C. Sweden, Russia, Prussia and Austria.
D. Denmark, Sweden, Austria and Holland.
E. England, Prussia, Austria and Holland.
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84.Originally, a “robot” was
A. a mechanical steering device on 16th century Dutch fluits.
B. a labor obligation which Bohemian serfs owed their lords each week.
C. a paid informer of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia.
D. a foot-soldier in the Prussian army.
E. a man-servant of the king at the court of Louis XIV.
85. Russian boyars were
A. serfs who farmed the lands of Russian noblemen.
B. nobles descended from Viking warriors.
C. free peasants permitted to work for wages.
D. Russian Orthodox clergymen.
E. Turkish mercenary soldiers who fought for the Tsar.
86. Which of these areas suffered the most serious damage from the Thirty Years’ War?
A. Belgium
B. German principalities of the Holy Roman Empire
C. France
D. Holland
E. Spain
87. The expulsion of Jews from Spain is similar to the expulsion of Huguenots from France in
that
A. this forced emigration deprived each nation of its skilled bourgeoisie.
B. the Pope directly motivated each emigration.
C. the citizens of both nations strongly opposed each emigration.
D. economic considerations drove each emigration.
E. military considerations drove each emigration.
88. Spanish conquistadors conquered native American peoples with astounding ease, probably
because
A. of their superior military organization and technology.
B. of the virulence of diseases which they brought with them.
C. of the cruel treatment which they uniformly imposed.
D. of God’s influence.
E. of the modern medicines which they brought with them.
89. This British group, prior to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, called for equality of all citizens
under the law, a written consitution and universal manhood suffrage:
A. Levellers
B. Diggers
C. Roundheads
D. Luddites
E. Cavaliers
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90. The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) was the first major international conflict
since the Peace of Westphalia that was not in any way motivated by
A. colonial conflict.
B. religious conflict.
C. dynastic conflict.
D. economic conflict.
E. fears of European hegemony.
91. Jacobites, in the early 18th century, advocated
A. that England seize French lands in the New World.
B. that England seize Gibraltar from the Spanish.
C. that England seize Dutch possessions in the New World.
D. the Stuart dynasty’s return to the throne of England.
E. the Hanover dynasty’s accession to the throne of England.
92. Russian serfs in the late 1700’s were
A. more humanely treated than serfs in other eastern European nations.
B. allowed to sell and purchase land.
C. protected from ill-treatment by nationally-binding laws.
D. considered the property of landowners, little better than farm tools and cattle.
E. allowed to move from farm to farm or to leave the country.
93. Levellers were
A. anti-industrial wool weavers put out of work by machines.
B. radical religious revolutionaries in 17th century England who sought social and
political reform.
C. landowners in 19th century England opposed to taxes on imported grain.
D. French noblemen opposed to royal absolutism.
E. Dutch merchants opposed to Spanish control of the Netherlands.
94. Ivan the Terrible’s achievements included all of the following EXCEPT:
A. He stiffened the obligations which serfs owed their lords.
B. He doubled the size of Russia’s territory.
C. He acquired warm-water ports for Russia.
D. He required peasants to serve in Russian armies.
E. He reformed and expanded Russia’s regional governments.
95. Jansenism in 17th century France was
A. an anticlerical political movement.
B. a puritan movement within the Catholic church.
C. a form of protestantism opposed to a centralized monarchy.
D. a new religion based upon reason and natural law.
E. a Catholic missionary movement to France’s urban poor.
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96. This author linked the medieval chivalric tradition with the decline of his nation’s influence
in European politics:
A. Michel de Montaigne
B. William Shakespeare
C. John Milton
D. Miguel de Cervantes
E. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
97. Jean Baptiste Moliere of France is best remembered for
A. the music which he composed for the court at Versailles.
B. the portraits which he painted of the Bourbon royal family.
C. the buildings which he designed for King Louis XIV.
D. the sculptings which he created for King Louis XIV.
E. the satirical plays which he wrote poking fun at society.
98. French royal absolutism was engineered primarily by royal ministers such as Cardinal
Richelieu and
A. Jean Baptiste Colbert.
B. Baron Montesquieu.
C. Cardinal Mazarin.
D. Jacques Necker.
E. Duc de Sully.
99. Which of the following statements concerning the Parlements of France during the reign of
King Louis XV is true?
A. They refused to ratify any royal edicts which they considered to be in violation of
French law.
B. They were subservient to the king and helped him to centralize his royal authority.
C. They were the tools of local nobles who supported the king’s attempt to centralize his
royal authority.
D. They had little influence over political and legal affairs in France.
E. They were little more than social clubs made up of wealthy merchants and aristocrats.
100.The most notable achievement of Catherine the Great’s reign (1762-1796) was:
A. the abolition of serfdom in Russia.
B. the passage of sweeping land reforms.
C. the passage of sweeping social reforms.
D. the passage of sweeping governmental reforms.
E. the expansion of Russia’s western and southern borders.
101. Prussia’s rapid growth and influence in Europe during the reign of Frederick William, the
Great Elector, (1640-1688) was due primarily to
A. money derived from a vigorous colonial trade.
B. its seizure of Silesia and the Ruhr and Saar valleys.
C. the expansion and prestige of its army.
D. its willingness to show toleration to diverse religions.
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E. its development of a vigorous and prosperous middle class.
102. Which of these European nations was the most powerful during the 16th century?
A. England
B. Spain
C. Prussia
D. France
E. Italy
103. Which of the following factors was most responsible for the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in
England?
A. the return of the Stuart dynasty to the British throne
B. James II’s attempts to dissolve Parliament
C. religious conflict between Anglicans and Puritans
D. disatisfaction with the foreign policy of Charles II
E. the possibility of a Catholic heir to the British throne
104. French foreign policy during the 16th and 17th centuries was directed toward
A. the conquest of protestant nations of northern Europe.
B. the control of trade on the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean
C. the defense of France’s eastern and southern borders.
D. the defeat of Hapsburg ambitions across Europe.
E. the exclusion of Russia from European affairs.
105. All of the following were consequences of Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes in
1685, EXCEPT
A. collapse of France’s silk industry
B. strengthening of the Catholic church in France
C. growth of Dutch commerce and proto-industry
D. an nd to religious toleration in France
E. conflict in France between Calvinists and Catholics
106. Which of the following statements concerning the outcome of the Thirty Years’ War is
accurate?
A. Britain acquired control of Gibraltar.
B. The Holy Roman Empire acquired Russian territory.
C. Spain reacquired control over the Netherlands.
D. Spain’s economic and political power in Europe collapsed.
E. France abandoned its ambitions toward European hegemony.
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107. Louis XIV of France obtained the loyalty of large numbers of Frenchmen across the nation
through
A. the sale of titles of nobility.
B. nationalization of the French Catholic church.
C. widescale patronage.
D. his elaborate system of intendants.
E. his willingness to grant power to local assemblies.
108. Which of the following suggests that French absolutism under Louis XIV had its
limitations?
A. Calvinists resisted the monarchy throughout his reign.
B. Nobles maintained independent centers of power in France.
C. Nobles and clergymen successfully refused to pay taxes.
D. Intendants successfully demanded higher wages.
E. The Estates General refused to allow tax increases.
109. A major consequence of Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773-1774) in Russia was
A. permission for Russian citizens to emigrate to the West.
B. improvement in the treatment of Russian serfs.
C. greater repression of Russia’s serfs.
D. reform of Russia’s arbitrary system of justice.
E. the destruction of the boyar class.
110. The Levellers demanded
A. establishment of a limited British monarchy.
B. that Presbyterianism become Britain’s official religion.
C. that Catholics be imprisoned or forced to emigrate.
D. democratic elections and a redistribution of wealth.
E. creation of a communist-style economy and polity.
111. All of the following were foreign policy objectives during the reign of Oliver Cromwell
(1649-1658) EXCEPT
A. Control of the rebellious Scots.
B. Acquisition of Jamaica in the West Indies.
C. Maintenance of a Protestant majority in Northern Ireland.
D. Promotion of sea-trade at the expense of the Dutch.
E. Foundation of colonies in North America.
112. All of the following statements concerning the Dutch Republic are accurate EXCEPT
A. Its government was highly centralized.
B. It fostered religious toleration.
C. Its source of economic power lay in shipping and commerce.
D. Public policies were determined by its middle class.
E. It stimulated and inspired a significant art movement.
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113. All of the following statements concerning the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) are correct
EXCEPT
A. It further weakened the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
B. It made the goal of a united Catholic Europe possible.
C. Secular concerns outweighed religious concerns.
D. It gave official recognition to European Calvinists.
E. It officially sanctioned Dutch independence from Spain.
114. Which of these factors did NOT contribute to the Dutch revolt against Spanish control in
the late 16th and early 17th centuries?
A. Support from Calvinists in neighboring nations.
B. Leadership by William the Silent.
C. Protestant reaction to the “Spanish Fury.”
D. Protestant reaction to Alva’s “Council of Blood.”
E. Collaboration between northern and southern provinces.
115. The French town of La Rochelle was
A. a Catholic stronghold during the Thirty Years’ War.
B. a Huguenot stronghold, sanctioned by the Edict of Nantes.
C. a Lutheran stronghold, long occupied by Swedish troops.
D. Catherine de Medici’s fortress in southern France.
E. captured by Germans in the Thirty Years’ War.
116. In the late 16th century the powerful Guise faction of France was
A. composed of influential Huguenot nobles.
B. composed of powerful Catholic nobles.
C. composed of middle-class Lutherans.
D. composed of middle-class Calvinists.
E. composed of middle-class Anabaptists.
117. England’s legislative system was unique in the late 17th century in that
A. it provided for universal manhood suffrage.
B. legislative power was lodged in a representative assembly.
C. it gave equal voice to the rich and the poor.
D. a written constitution guaranteed its powers.
E. all regions of the nation were fairly represented.
118. In the 17th and 18th centuries, which of the following areas was dominated by “landlord
states?”
A. Eastern Europe
B. Mediterranean Europe
C. Western Europe
D. Baltic Europe
E. the British Isles
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119. Which of the following was a major weakness of Parliament during the 17th century?
A. It only convened occasionally.
B. Britain’s middle class was not adequately represented.
C. Britain’s upper class was not adequately represented.
D. It lacked clear direction and legislative purpose.
E. It was little more than a rubber stamp for the King’s will.
120. The primary beneficiaries of the Stuart Restoration (1660) were
A. the lesser gentry and middle class.
B. British Catholics.
C. merchants and the lower class.
D. the major landowners.
E. religious dissenters.
121. The Twelve Year Truce (1609-1621) was a Spanish agreement regarding
A. Bohemian independence.
B. trade disputes with France.
C. political and legal disputes with Moriscos.
D. trade disputes with Britain.
E. Dutch independence.
122.The St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) resulted in
A. the death of hundreds of French Protestants.
B. the death of hundreds of French Catholics.
C. the death of hundreds of British Anglicans.
D. the death of hundreds of German Anabaptists.
E. the death of hundreds of German Lutherans.
123. Spain’s victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was important because
A. it ended England’s control of the Atlantic Ocean.
B. it ended France’s control of the Atlantic Ocean.
C. it reduced the Turkish threat to southern Europe.
D. it reduced the Russian threat to northern Europe.
E. it ended the Prussian threat to eastern Europe.
124. In establishing a strong, centralized monarchy, Prussia did all of the following EXCEPT
A. It created a large, standing army.
B. It recognized the Junker class’s traditional privileges.
C. It created an efficient civil bureaucracy.
D. It abolished serfdom.
E. It discouraged independence in representative assemblies.
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125. The Time of Troubles that followed the death of Ivan the Terrible (1524) and the Time of
Troubles that followed the death of Peter the Great (1725) are similar in that
A. each led to the establishment of a new ruling dynasty.
B. each led to the accession of a woman to the Russian throne.
C. each led to violent power struggles among Russian nobles.
D. each led to violent peasant uprisings.
E. each led to the loss of vital territory to foreign enemies.
126. The Petition of Right (1628) compelled the British king to agree to all of the following
demands EXCEPT
A. Not to impose martial law in peacetime.
B. Not to dissolve Parliament.
C. Not to impose taxes without Parliament’s consent.
D. Not to imprison citizens without speedy trials.
E. Not to quarter soldiers in private homes.
127. England’s Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to the
A. liquidation of England’s national debt.
B. right to vote for all males in England.
C. open toleration of Catholics in society and in government.
D. official recognition of Parliament’s legislative powers.
E. accession of the German Hanovers to the British throne.
128. The Edict of Restitution (1629) of the Thirty Years’ War
A. ended Sweden’s role in the conflict.
B. again restored the principle of “cuius regio, eius religio.”
C. granted Catholic German princes the right to reclaim territory lost during the war.
D. ended Bohemia’s attempt to win independence from the Holy Roman Empire.
E. reunited the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs.
129. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) settled long-term differences between
A. England and Spain over trade rights in the Atlantic Ocean.
B. Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire.
C. Valois and Hapsburg monarchs over lands in Italy.
D. the ttoman Turks and Emperor Charles V.
E. the Guise and Bourbon families in France.
130. This nation has been called merely a “geographical expression” in the 16th century:
A. Spain
B. Italy
C. France
D. Russia
E. Prussia
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131. During the 16th century, this dynastic family threatened the European balance of power
almost continuously:
A. Tudor
B. Valois
C. Bourbon
D. Hapsburg
E. Stuart
132. Which of these factors contributed MOST to Russia’s backwardness, relative to other
European nations, in 1500 AD?
A. Prohibitions and restrictions imposed by the Russian Orthodox Church.
B. Continual warfare with Poland and Lithuania.
C. Repressive measures imposed upon the populace by Russian monarchs.
D. A long history of domination by the Mongol hordes.
E. Poor leadership and a lack of interest in Western culture.
133. After Peter the Great became Tsar but before he was capable of ruling Russia independently,
the Streltsy
A. was an elective assembly which gave him valuable advice.
B. were soldiers who staged a bloody palace revolt.
C. were clergymen who gave him valuable advice and direction.
D. were implacable enemies of the Romanovs who had immigrated from the Crimea.
E. was an inner council whose function was to advise him.
134. Second serfdom which was imposed across eastern Europe in the 18th century
A. eased the living and working conditions of peasants.
B. introduced scientific agriculture and modern management techniques to eastern
European farms.
C. was a concession made to the powerful landowning class in return for its support of
centralized monarchy.
D. led to a significant loss in agricultural productivity.
E. led to numerous peasant rebellions which nobles and monarchs were powerless to stop.
135.The art of El Greco is representative of this artistic style:
A. Neo-Classicism
B. Mannerism
C. Baroque
D. Rococo
E. Romanticism
136. William the Silent was associated with which of the following:
A. the establishment of the Council of Blood
B. English attacks upon Spanish shipping in the Atlantic
C. Dutch resistance to the Duke of Alva
D. Religious toleration in France
E. Irish rebellion against the Tudor monarchs of England
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137. The Turkish victory at the Battle of Mohacs (1526) extended the control of Sulieman the
Magnificent into present-day
A. Russia.
B. Hungary.
C. Prussia.
D. Switzerland.
E. Greece.
138. Which of these social groups was MOST supportive of policies initiated by Europe’s “new
monarchs” in the 15th and 16th centuries?
A. aristocrats
B. clergy
C. peasants
D. artisans
E. bourgeoisie
139. Which of the following monarchs probably made these remarks: “As it is atheism and
blasphemy to dispute what God can do, so it is presumption of high contempt in a subject to
dispute what a king can do.”
A. Joseph II of Austria
B. William III of England
C. James I of England
D. Edward VI of England
E. Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
140. All of the following statements about King Philip II of Spain are accurate EXCEPT
A. He supported the activities of the Spanish Jesuits.
B. He merged religious and national policies into one.
C. He controlled his realm by war and oppression.
D. He successfully suppressed European Protestantism.
E. He alienated the Dutch by seeking to impose Catholicism.
141. All of the following were policies pursued by Europe’s “new monarchs” during the 15th and
16th centuries EXCEPT
A. They employed mercantilism to maximize their nation’s wealth.
B. They granted titles of nobility to members of the bourgeoisie.
C. They subordinated nobility and clergy to their will.
D. They supported representative assemblies which endorsed their powers. Those in
opposition were often ignored.
E. They were generally tolerant of religious diversity within their realms.
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142. William of Orange agreed to become King William III of England during the Glorious
Revolution of 1688 because
A. he wanted to extend Protestantism to the British isles.
B. he wanted to break England as an economic power in Europe.
C. he wanted to acquire a potent ally against Louis XIV.
D. he wanted to acquire a marriage connection with the Stuarts.
E. he wanted to break England’s international naval power.
143. Peter the Great wanted to import western ideas into Russia so that they might
A. introduce Enlightenment ideas to the East.
B. help to break popular allegiance to the Russian Orthodox Church.
C. help to improve the condition of middle and lower class Russians.
D. stimulate the creation of a unified and stable representative government in Russia.
E. help to protect Russia from foreign aggression and conquest.
144. The Battle of Poltava (1709) is important in Russian history because it
A. ended Polish occupation of the Kremlin.
B. drove the Mongols at last from Russian territory.
C. gave Russia its long sought-for “window on the West.”
D. made Russia Europe’s most powerful nation.
E. gave Russia control over the Crimea and its Tartars.
145. All of the following statements concerning the economic policies of Jean Baptiste Colbert
are accurate EXCEPT
A. He granted tax exemptions for children in order to encourage larger families.
B. He granted government subsidies to domestic businesses and proto-industries.
C. He developed the French navy in order to protect French merchant traffic on the high
seas.
D. He levied high tariffs in order to protect domestic businesses and proto-industries.
E. He encouraged laissez faire economic practices.
146. Politiques in the 16th century believed that
A. religious principle should be upheld at all times and at all costs.
B. national survival depended upon strong, centralized government.
C. diverse religious sects should be tolerated within a nation.
D. representative government was superior to monarchy in the effective governance of a
nation.
E. nations should transfer wealth from the rich to the poor in order to prevent lower-class
uprisings.
147. In his work Utopia, Thomas More suggested that
A. aggressive mercantilism was the best economic policy that a nation could pursue.
B. enclosure was vital to the maximization of a nation’s agricultural productivity and
wealth.
C. division of labor created false distinctions among different men within a single society.
D. capitalism was the best economic policy for the maximization of a nation’s wealth.
E. the wisest political decisions were made by the owners of property.
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148. What is the major factor which explains the economic power of the Netherlands in the 16th
and 17th centuries?
A. Antwerp provided the Netherlands with an excellent harbor on the Atlantic Ocean.
B. Spain and Portugal relied upon shipyards in the Netherlands for the production of
warships.
C. Spain neglected the Netherlands during these centuries, leaving it freedom to forge its
own destiny.
D. The Netherlands developed Europe’s first modern industries for the production of
consumer goods.
E. The Netherlands developed important banking and shipping facilities which were
important to Spain’s economy.
149. Unlike other 16th century monarchs, the Tudors were
A. absolutists with little regard for those they governed.
B. committed to the creation of a unified Protestant nation.
C. limited by a long tradition of collaborative government.
D. deeply concerned about the growth of Protestantism.
E. subservient to powerful leaders of a national church.
150. Which of the following was a direct result of France’s War of the Three Henries during the
late 16th century?
A. Henry III converted to Catholicism in order to become king.
B. The pro-Catholic Guise faction captured the French throne.
C. The Valois dynasty became Europe’s most powerful family.
D. The Huguenots were brutally suppresssed in France.
E. The Bourbon dynasty came to the French throne.
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Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 16
1.C, 2.E, 3.C, 4.C, 5.C, 6.B, 7.B, 8.D, 9.E, 10.D
11.C, 12.B, 13.C, 14.D, 15.E, 16.A, 17.E, 18.D, 19.C, 20.C
21.C, 22.C, 23.D, 24.C, 25.B, 26.B, 27.C, 28.D, 29.C, 30.C
31.C, 32.B, 33.C, 34.C, 35.E, 36.E, 37.B, 38.C, 39.A, 40.B
41.A, 42.A, 43.A, 44.B, 45.A, 46.D, 47.B, 48.C, 49.E, 50.C
51.B, 52.C, 53.C, 54.E, 55.E, 56.B, 57.C, 58.A, 59.B, 60.E
61.E, 62.A, 63.B, 64.C, 65.E, 66.C, 67.B, 68.D, 69.C, 70.C
71.B, 72.A, 73.E, 74.A, 75.C, 76.A, 77.E, 78.E, 79.D, 80.A
81.A, 82.B, 83.E, 84.B, 85.B, 86.B, 87.A, 88.B, 89.A, 90.B
91.D, 92.D, 93.B, 94.C, 95.B, 96.D, 97.E, 98.C, 99.A, 100.E
101.C, 102.B, 103.E, 104.D, 105.E, 106.D, 107.C, 108.C, 109.C
110.D, 111.E, 112.A, 113.B, 114.E, 115.B, 116.B, 117.B, 118.A
119.D, 120.D, 121.E, 122.A, 123.C, 124.D, 125.C, 126.B, 127.D
128.B, 129.C, 130.B, 131.D, 132.D, 133.B, 134.C, 135.B, 136.C
137.B, 138.E, 139.C, 140.D, 141.E, 142.C, 143.E, 144.C, 145.E
146.B, 147.C, 148.E, 149.C, 150.E
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Comments on Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 16
1. (C) England did not participate in the Thirty Years’ War.
2. (E) See Oliver Cromwell in Notes on Chapter 16.
3. (C) See Henry IV of France in Notes on Chapter 14. The Edict of Potsdam (1685) was
Frederick William the Great Elector’s invitation to Huguenots expelled from France by Louis
XIV to come to Berlin to settle. The Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), issued by King Louis XIV of
France, formally rescinded the prior Edict of Nantes. The Concordat of Bologna (1516), issued
by Pope Julius II, granted French kings broad authority over the French clergy. This agreement
greatly strengthened the Gallican Church. The Peace of Amiens (1802) was an early and
unsuccessful attempt by France’s neighbors to curb the dangerous ambition of Napoleon
Bonaparte.
4. (C) Growing unity within Puritan ranks made Puritanism a force to be reckoned with during
Elizabeth I’s time.
5. (C) See Louis XIV of France and The War of the Spanish Succession in Notes on Chapter
16. England emerged as “one” of Europe’s most powerful nations after the Seven Years’ War
(1756- 1763). France certainly did not collapse after this war. German unification did not occur
until 1871. Europe’s last religious conflict was the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). The War of
the Spanish Succession which ended with the Peace of Utrecht was, however, Louis XIV’s last
conflict. He died in 1715.
6. (B) The Hapsburgs used religion effectively to maintain or extend their political control. Their
inability to eradicate Calvinism in Bohemia led to the Thirty Years’ War. Throughout history,
religion has been used as a tool of political control and
cultural unity.
7. (B) The Ottoman Empire was a sprawling state stretching from North Africa to the Balkans to
the Middle East. Controlling that multi-ethnic empire was a perpetual problem for the Ottomans.
In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s one region after another broke away from the Ottoman state.
So weak did the empire appear to contemporaries that it was dubbed “the sick man of Europe.”
8. (D) Polish nobles retained a powerful privilege called the “liberum veto” (“free right to
forbid”) which enabled them to “explode the diet,” or dissolve the national assembly or diet.
Needless to say, this aristocratic privilege prevented political centralization and rendered Poland
exceedingly weak and vulnerable.
9. (E) See Frederick William I in Notes on Chapter 16.
10. (D) European aristocracy was founded in the Middle Ages, during an age of feudalism, when
land was the preeminent symbol of power, wealth and authority. All other attributes of
aristocracy derive from the basic principle of land ownership.
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11. (C) The Petition of Right is the historic document which established Parliament’s role in
England’s economic affairs. It was this kind of difficulty from Parliament which led King
Charles I to dissolve it for a period of eleven years. See Charles I of England in Notes on
Chapter 16.
12. (B) This question demands a bit of chronological knowledge. Frederick William the Great
Elector ruled Brandenburg/Prussia from 1640 to 1688. Frederick William I ruled from 1713 to
1740. Frederick II (Frederick the Great) ruled from 1740 to 1786. Frederick I ruled from 1701 to
1713. Frederick III the Elector of Brandenburg was the son of the Great Elector. In return for
military assistance to the Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the Spanish Succession, he
was granted the right to call himself the King of Prussia. So from 1688 to 1701 he is called the
Elector Frederick III and from 1701 to 1713 he is called King Frederick I of Prussia. He did not,
however, increase Prussia’s power greatly during his reign. It would be his son Frederick
William I who would begin the process of making Prussia a great European power. Thus only
Frederick William the Great Elector satisfies the question in terms of chronology and content.
13. (C) The two great traditional enemies of the Austrian Hapsburgs were the French Bourbon
kings on their western flank and the Ottoman Turks on their eastern flank.
14. (D) See Peter the Great in Notes on Chapter 16. He did not succeed in driving the Turks
from the Black Sea or take Finland and Karelia. Siberian lands were added to the Russian state
by Peter’s predecessor Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) in the late 16th century. Although he did tame
the Streltsy and the so-called “Old Believers” of the Russian Orthodox Church, they did not
figure into the Great Northern War.
15. (E) See Thomas Cromwell in Notes on Chapter 16. Only Thomas a Kempis is not connected
with Henry VIII in some way. He was a leader of the devotio moderna movement of the 15th
century and the author of The Imitation of Christ.
16. (A) Thomas Hobbes concluded from the execution of King Charles I by Puritan fanatics that
human beings, for their own good, must submit themselves to the controlling authority of a
supreme monarch. He hoped the monarch would prove to be benevolent, but he thought
government by even the most tyrannical monarch to be superior to government by unruly mobs.
In Hobbes’ theory, a population willingly submits itself to an absolute monarch, in an attempt to
restrain its own inclinations toward violence and fanaticism. In Leviathan he wrote that the
natural life of man is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”
17. (E) See The Dutch Republic in Notes on Chapter 16
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18. (D) In 1614 France was in turmoil. King Henry IV had been assassinated in 1610, leaving a
small son (Louis XIII) to rule the country. The Queen Mother, Marie d’Medicis, tried to hold the
nation together and to preserve the reforms enacted by her late husband. Powerful nobles
threatened to destroy the centralized French monarchy. The Estates General was called into
session to deal with the crisis. Although it did not resolve many pressing issues, it did bring to
the Queen Mother’s attention a remarkable individual who would play a key role in France’s
future—Cardinal Richelieu. In the closing session of the Estates General, Richelieu gave a
moving address to the assembled delegates. Marie d’Medicis soon afterward made Richelieu her
secretary. Later he would rise to the post of Chief Minister, a post he would occupy from 1624 to
his death in 1642.
19. (C) See Gallican Rights in Notes on Chapter 14.
20. (C) Charles I’s Cavaliers were drawn, for the most part, from aristocratic ranks.
21. (C) See Cavaliers in Notes on Chapter 16.
22. (C) During the first years of King Charles II’s reign in England (early 1660’s), Anglicanism
was reestablished as the official religion of Britain. (Puritanism had replaced it between 1650 and
1660.) The so-called Clarendon Code consisted of a number of regulations preventing Catholics
and Dissenters (Protestant opponents of Anglicanism) from participation in British government.
Charles II did not favor the Clarendon Code. He had Catholic sympathies and so supported a
policy of religious toleration. In 1672 the King issued a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending all
laws against Catholics and nonconformists. Parliament was not pleased, however, and held back
funds needed by the King until the Declaration was withdrawn. Soon afterward, Parliament
passed the Test Act, requiring all government officials to swear an oath against the doctrine of
transubstantiation, a measure which effectively kept orthodox Catholics from government office.
23. (D) See Peter The Great in Notes on Chapter 16.
24. (C) See Maria Theresa in Notes on Chapter 16.
25. (B) See Divine Right Monarchy in Notes on Chapter 16.
26. (B) James I of England wrote eloquently about divine right monarchy. All others mentioned
here were opponents of divine right and absolute monarchy.
27. (C) See Aragon and Castile in Notes on Chapter 15
28. (D) The rulers of Austria and Prussia in the 17th century created centralized monarchies quite
unlike the governments of Italian city-states and the aristocratically dominated Holy Roman
Empire. Austria’s subject population, particularly, was ethnically diverse. Serfdom was
reintroduced into Prussia. Industrialism would not develop in these regions until the 1800’s, and
capitalism was in its infancy. Prussia did not have a productive bourgeoisie until the arrival of the
French Huguenots, following their expulsion from France by Louis XIV in 1685 and the Great
Elector’s invitation to them to come to Berlin in the Edict of Potsdam of the same year. Both
31
nations, however, built and relied upon strong national armies. Austria used its army principally
to maintain control of its diverse subject population and to defend itself from the Ottoman Turks.
Prussia used its army as a tool of foreign policy, to expand the Prussian state and annex
neighboring regions.
29. (C) England’s constitution, unlike America’s, is largely unwritten—a collection of political
understandings based upon tradition, custom, legal precedent and various documents from its
past history.
30. (C) Jacques Bossuet (pronounced “bo-SWAY”) was a French cleric, historian and political
theorist who lived during the reign of Louis XIV. He was also a noted orator. His most famous
work is entitled Discourse on Universal History. He believed that kings were chosen by God and
were therefore compelled to rule in accord with Christian doctrine.
31. (C) Charles V-1519, James I (England’s first Stuart king)-1603, The Treaty of Westphalia
ending the Thirty Years’ War-1648, Peter the Great’s Grand Tour of Europe-1697-1698, The
Great Northern War-1700-1721.
32. (B) Basic constitutional requirements imposed upon William and Mary at the time of the
Glorious Revolution of 1688.
33. (C) Most of Spain’s vast wealth was squandered on purchases made abroad, for goods she
herself could not produce at home. Spain was not an industrial nation in the 17th century (no
European nation was) and had no markets in the Far East. Those markets were controlled by the
Netherlands in the 17th century. The expulsion of the Moors in 1492 actually set Spain back
culturally and economically. The Arab culture of southern Spain was more sophisticated than the
European culture of Ferdinand and Isabella. Loss of the Armada was certainly costly both in men
and in ships, but it did not contribute directly to Spain’s economic decline.
34. (C) Richelieu promoted the expansion of the French king’s power. The Huguenots were not
expelled from France until 1685, more than 40 years after Richelieu’s death. Sale of political and
clerical offices was a lucrative way for the king to raise needed funds and so was not abolished.
Richelieu ruthlessly suppressed any nobles seeking to regain their medieval powers at the
expense of the French king in Paris. See Cardinal Richelieu and Intendants
in Notes on Chapter 16.
35. (E) As the very term implies, “politics” was more important than religion to a “politique,” but
in accord with Machiavelli’s teaching, the prudent “politique” gave public evidence whenever
possible of his deep commitment to religious principles.
36. (E) Serfdom was not abolished in Russia until the 19th century. Taxes remained burdensome
for the poor of all European nations well into modern times, and they remain so in many parts of
Europe today. Peter did promote contact with Europe, and he did not restrict trade with the West.
As his treatment of the boyars shows, he had little regard for traditional dress and custom, seeing
them as evidence of Russia’s backward nature. See Boyars and Peter the Great in Notes on
Chapter 16.
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37. (B) See Charles II of England in Notes on Chapter 16.
38. (C) Puritans, English Calvinists, wanted to purge Anglicanism of Catholic elements. Among
other demands, they wanted Anglican bishops to be removed from office and the office itself to
be eliminated. The bishopric was a Catholic clerical office which Puritans did not want
perpetuated within the Anglican Church. King James I disagreed. His quote, “No Bishop, no
king,” implied that if bishops were eliminated by popular demand, there would soon be popular
clamor for elimination of the British kingship. Traditional institutions, in his view, must be
preserved in order for public order to be maintained.
39. (A) See Peter the Great in Notes on Chapter 16.
40. (B) Actually, the treaty said nothing about giving any other European nation territory in the
New World. Portugal objected, complaining that she had been allotted insufficient passageway
down the western coast of Africa (the true geographic picture of the Atlantic, Africa and the
Americas was just guesswork in 1494). Negotiations led to a repositioning of the proposed Line
of Demarcation about 2000 miles westward, giving Portugal, as it turned out, legal right to Brazil
when it was discovered by Pedro Cabral in 1500. Portugal’s right to Brazil was confirmed by
Pope Julius II in 1506.
41. (A) It would be up to Peter to deal effectively with the boyars, an aristocratic class which he
would eliminate during his reign. A serious religious schism had erupted in Russia in the 1660’s
between the Raskolniki or Old Believers and the leaders of the Russian Orthodox faith. Nikon,
the Russian equivalent of the Pope in the West, the new leader of the Russian Orthodox religion,
in 1652 proposed religious reforms which the Raskolniki could not accept. (Important reforms
like whether the sign of the cross should be made with three fingers instead of two, whether
religious processions should move from east to west or from west to east, the proper Russian
spelling of Jesus’ name and whether or not the word Hallelujah should be sung in the churches.)
The Raskolniki called Nikon the Anti-Christ and threatened a political as well as religious
rebellion. The Romanovs responded with persecutions of the Old Believers, discrimination
against them and special taxes assessed only against them. Many of them eventually emigrated.
Even by the late 1800’s there were probably between five and ten million of them still in Russia,
however. Only in the Russian Revolution of 1917 were they granted official toleration by the
state. Finally, Russia did have access to the Black Sea by 1682, but not to the Baltic. That would
come as a result of the Great Northern War (1700-1721).
42. (A) Frenchman Jean Bodin lived during the last half of the 16th century. He was a political
philosopher who maintained that stable government derived from moderate royal absolutism
based on divine right. The king’s conduct, however, should be subject to both divine and natural
law. He also advocated religious tolerance, a policy which he believed could work if based upon
observance of the principles laid down in the Ten Commandments.
43. (A) Robert Walpole was a British Whig who held ministerial posts in Parliament from 1708
to 1717. He served as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 1720’s.
Walpole dominated Parliament for years, contributing substantially to the government’s political
and financial stability. He resigned and retired from public life in 1742.
44. (B) See Junkers in Notes on Chapter 16.
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45. (A) The War of the Spanish Succession was Louis XIV’s last war. He died two years after the
signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. No French monarchs after him sought to increase
French territory as he had during his long reign.
46. (D) The Valois and Hapsburg dynasties clashed especially over competing territorial claims
in Italy.
47. (B) See Frederick William I in Notes on Chapter 16. He was a frugal monarch who ruled
Prussia in collaboration with the aristocratic Junker class.
48. (C) See The Fronde in Notes on Chapter 16.
49. (E) See #8 above.
50. (C) See Louis XIv of France in Notes on Chapter 16.
51. (B) Peter the Great annexed territories from both Sweden and Poland during his reign.
52. (C) See Cardinal Richelieu in Notes on Chapter 16.
53. (C) See Oliver Cromwell in Notes on Chapter 16.
54. (E) When William and Mary took the British throne in 1688, they were forced to agree to
certain specific limitations on the power of the British monarch. See The English Bill of Rights
and Constitutional Monarchy in Notes on Chapter 16.
55. (E) See The Dutch Republic in Notes on Chapter 16.
56. (B) Mercantilists maintained that it is the responsibility of governments to manage their
economies actively, to intervene in the nation’s business pursuits for the economic good of the
nation. In the 18th century a new economic theory would arise—laissez-faire economics, the
notion that governments should not interfere in the economic life of the nation but should instead
let market forces do what they will and let entrepreneurs follow their commercial instincts
unhindered by government regulation.
57. (C) See #16 above.
58. (A) Louis XIV did not call the Estates General into session a single time during his 72 year
reign.
59. (B) See Peter the Great in Notes on Chapter 16.
60. (E) See Intendants in Notes on Chapter 16.
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61. (E) The Spanish Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands after the War of the Spanish
Succession. During the French Revolution it was annexed by France. After the defeat of
Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, Britain and her allies resolved to take the area from the French.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815 out of remnants of the old Austrian
Netherlands and the United Provinces. The Orange dynasty retained control of the new kingdom.
Both the Belgians and the Dutch were unhappy with the settlement. A popular revolt in 1830 led
to the creation of the modern state of Belgium.
62. (A) Given the hard choice, a politique would always prefer strong centralized government
free of religious entanglements to any other governmental form.
63. (B) See The Fronde in Notes on Chapter 16.
64. (C) See #38 above.
65. (E) Free education to a nation’s citizens did not become available anywhere in Europe until
the 19th century. Even then, the offer of education was seen as politically and economically
desirable rather than as a natural right. There is still no guarantee of work at reasonable wages in
Europe or in America. Even though some may see such a guarantee as a natural right, there is no
easy way to square that perceived right with the capitalistic economic system which prevails in
the West today.
66. (C) The British Stuart monarchy was restored in London in 1660 with the accession to power
of Charles II. Cromwell “agreed” to the King’s trial and execution, but there was no legal
precedent for such an act. In a technical sense, therefore, the execution was illegal. The
Commonwealth was a Puritan-led republican form of government. See Oliver Cromwell in
Notes on Chapter 16.
67. (B) Mercantilists, as noted above, believed in strict governmental control of the nation’s
economy. This control extended to foreign colonies maintained by the Mother Country.
68. (D) Britain’s bourgeois government under the direction of a Prime Minister would not begin
to emerge until the 1700’s. It would not reach full fruition until the early 20th century.
69. (C) Russia has never had an active and vigorous middle class, a class whose livelihood is tied
to commerce. Its government has always tightly controlled the economy, production and
commerce. There has been no legal role for the entrepreneur. That situation is only now
changing.
70. (C) The Jews and Moors were both expelled in the same year by Ferdinand and Isabella—
1492.
71. (B) After the so-called “Purge,” only Cromwell’s closest associates remained in the Rump
Parliament. See Oliver Cromwell in Notes on Chapter 16.
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72. (A) Deliberative bodies such as Parliament and the Estates General threatened to abrogate
(limit) absolutist royal authority. They would do so in the next century as well. Witness the
impact which they had on the political ambitions of monarchs such as James I, Charles I, Charles
II, James II and William III of England, as well as on that of Louis XVI in the late 18th century.
73. (E) The craft guilds remained in control of proto-industrial production in Colbert’s day. They
would only disappear with the rise of industrialism in the 18th century.
74. (A) See The War of the Spanish Succession in Notes on Chapter 16.
75. (C) See Maria Theresa in Notes on Chapter 16.
76. (A) Painters often reflect prevailing social trends of their times. The new Dutch Republic was
a bourgeois-led confederation of allied provinces. Its painters glorified the life of the bourgeoisie
who ran the new state.
77. (E) Many Puritans did emigrate from England after the Glorious Revolution but they were
not compelled to do so.
78. (E) The Seven Years’ War was fought between 1756 and 1763. Louis XIV died in 1715. See
Louis XIv of France in Notes on Chapter 16.
79. (D) See Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII of France in Notes on Chapter 16.
80. (A) See #3 above.
81. (A) See The Dutch Republic in Notes on Chapter 16.
82. (B) Charles XII ruled Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He was actively involved in the war and
died as the result of a gunshot wound to the head, received in battle while invading Norway in
1718.
83. (E) See The War of the Spanish Succession in Notes on Chapter 16.
84. (B) The 20th century author Karel Capek (pronounced CHOP-ik), a native of Czechoslovakia
(formerly Bohemia) used the term first in its modern sense in his 1920 science-fiction play
R.U.R. (Rossem’s Universal Robots). In it Capek explored the implications of a society capable
of mass-producing mechanical men. Instead of Utopia, they bring about the end of humanity.
Thus, there is a historical link between a medieval labor obligation and the robot of modern
science fiction.
85. (B) See Peter the Great in Notes on Chapter 16.
86. (B) See The Thirty Years’ War in Notes on Chapter 16.
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87. (A) Both France and Spain suffered economically from the loss of these productive subjects
of their realms.
88. (B) See Smallpox in Notes on Chapter 15.
89. (A) See Levellers in Notes on Chapter 16. The more radical Diggers were proto-communists.
90. (B) The Thirty Years’ War was Europe’s last religious conflict.
91. (D) Jacobites (not to be confused with the French Jacobins of the 18th century) were
supporters of the exiled James II of England, after he was driven from power during the Glorious
Revolution of 1688. The Latin form of James is “Iacobus” or “Jacobus.” Jacobites continued to
support James’ descendants in the years after his death. The Jacobite movement lasted from 1688
to 1745. A popular song called the Lilliburlero, written in 1687 by Thomas Wharton, actually
played a role in driving James II from the British throne. Its verses satirized the Irish government
of Richard Talbot, an appointee of King James. Gilbert Burnet, in his contemporary History of
His Own Time (1724) wrote: “The whole army, and at last the people, both in city and country,
were singing it perpetually. And perhaps never had so slight a thing so great an effect.” The
words are:
Dare was an old prophesy found in a bog,
Lilli burlero, bullen a-la
“Ireland shall be ruled by an ass and a dog.”
Lilli burlero, bullen a-la
Lero, lero, lilli burlero, lero, lero, bullen a-la,
Lero, lero, lilli burlero, lero, lero, bullen a-la.
And now dis prophesy is come to pass,
Lilli burlero, etc.
For Talbot’s de dog and James is de ass.
Lilli burlero, etc.
Lero, lero, etc.
Lero, lero, etc.
The tune to which this ditty was sung is today the signature theme of the BBC (British
Broadcasting Corporation) in London. It is played 24 times a day on the BBC External Service,
the shortwave service to the rest of the world--once at the top of each hour just prior to the
announcement of the GMT (or UT) time and the reading of the international news.
92. (D) Russian serfs were little more than property until their liberation from serfdom in the
mid-19th century. As independent farmers, however, they fared little better.
93. (B) See Levellers in Notes on Chapter 16.
94. (C) It would be Peter the Great who would acquire ports on the Black Sea and the Baltic for
Russia.
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95. (B) A French and Flemish Catholic reform movement of the early 1600’s, led by the Flemish
theologian Cornelius Jansen. Jansen accepted the theory of predestination and preached salvation
by divine grace, an idea similar to Luther’s but which he acquired from St. Augustine’s writings.
Opponents of Jansenism accused it of being a form of Calvinism. The mathematician Blaise
Pascal was a leader of the movement. He and the movement were condemned by Pope Innocent
X. Louis XIV persecuted the Jansenists and drove most of them out of France and into the
religiously tolerant Dutch Republic. Some Jansenist sects still exist today in the Netherlands.
96. (D) A reference to Cervantes’ famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha.
97. (E) Louis XIV was Moliere’s patron.
98. (C) See Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin in Notes on Chapter 16.
99. (A) See The Parlement of Paris in Notes on Chapter 16.
100. (E) Catherine wanted to be remembered as an “enlightened monarch,” but her reforms fell
short of being considered “enlightened” by most of her contemporaries and by modern historians.
She did achieve success, however, in expanding Russia’s borders.
101. (C) Although the Prussian army would double in size under Frederick William I in the early
1700’s, it was already becoming a force to be reckoned with in the Great Elector’s day. Prussia
had no foreign colonies. Silesia was not seized until the 18th century. Prussia’s religion was
Calvinist and thus intolerant of religious diversity, and the nucleus of a Prussian middle class
only began to form with the immigration of French Huguenots after 1685.
102. (B) Spain was Europe’s most powerful nation throughout the 1500’s.
103. (E) See James II of England in Notes on Chapter 16.
104. (D) Consider the Valois-Hapsburg conflicts of the 1500’s and the Bourbon-Hapsburg
conflicts, including the Thirty Years’ War, of the 1600’s.
105. (E) French Huguenots had founded France’s lucrative silk industry. Driven from France,
they emigrated to the Netherlands and to Prussia and subsequently enriched both countries by
their commercial and industrial expertise. Huguenots were no longer tolerated in France after
1685. The French Catholic Church was strengthened by the expulsion of its Calvinist rivals.
Since no Calvinists were left in France after 1685, Catholic-Calvinist conflicts were impossible.
106. (D) Spain’s last international crusade in defense of Catholicism was the Thirty Years’ War.
Impoverished at last by the expense of the war, she withdrew to the isolation of the Iberian
peninsula. England, incidentally, acquired Gibraltar (between southern Spain and Morocco) by
the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, ending the War of the Spanish Succession. Gibraltar today is still a
self-governing British colony, with a population of about 30,000.
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107. (C) Like Renaissance monarchs before him, Louis XIV was an avid patron of the arts,
literature, education and French culture in general.
108. (C) Calvinists posed no problem after their expulsion in 1685. Louis XIV ruled until 1715.
Nobles and clergymen, however, did resist any and all pressure to pay a fair share of the national
tax burden. The bulk of the nation’s taxes therefore fell to France’s middle and lower classes,
those least able to pay.
109. (C) After the brutal suppression of Pugachev’s rebellion, Catherine the Great enacted
policies to prevent any further such uprisings. Greater repression of unruly serfs was the
inevitable result.
110. (D) See Oliver Cromwell in Notes on Chapter 16.
111. (E) Cromwell did little to promote the establishment of new colonies in America.
112. (A) The Dutch Republic was a confederation of provinces without a centralized government
or monarch. See The Dutch Republic in Notes on Chapter 16.
113. (B) Protestantism was officially sanctioned by the Treaty of Westphalia, dashing any hope
that European Catholic unity might be restored.
114. (E) The southern Netherlands were largely Catholic, while the northern ones were largely
Protestant. Cultural differences also divided north and south. Thus the two regions never worked
effectively toward any common goal. The northern provinces achieved independence from Spain
in 1609 and established a Protestant, but religiously tolerant republic. The southern provinces
were reconquered by Spain, remained Catholic and became the nucleus of modern Belgium.
115. (B) During the Reformation, the French seaport town of La Rochelle was a center of French
Calvinism. After the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 1572 it was unsuccessfully besieged by
Catholic forces. It was a Huguenot stronghold during the reign of King Louis XIII. In 1628 it was
attacked once again on the orders of Cardinal Richelieu, who meant to destroy the independent
authority of the Huguenots in his country. The city held out until all its ammunition and food was
gone. When the King entered the city after its surrender, its population had been reduced from
22,000 to 6,000. Both the Dutch and the British had attempted unsuccessfully to bring assistance
to the city. When the Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, many of the citizens of
the town emigrated. Some came to America to the New York area where they founded the city of
New Rochelle.
116. (B) See The War of the Three Henrys in Notes on Chapter 14.
117. (B) England was the first European nation to have a powerful representative assembly with
legislative power—Parliament.
118. (A) “Landlord estates” were essentially great farms managed by aristocratic owners. In the
case of Prussia, the Junkers were the landlords of these vast estates. Much of the agricultural
productivity of eastern Europe was exported to western Europe, particularly when harvests in
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western Europe failed to meet expectations or need.
119. (D) Parliament in the 1600’s was clearly not subservient to the Crown. Many memorable
disputes between that body and the King occurred during that time. The two Houses of
Parliament were as representative of the population as any similar assembly in Europe at the
time—probably more so. Not many such assemblies existed in 17th century Europe. It did only
convene occasionally, but far more often than most similar assemblies across the continent.
Parliament was, however, a body of divided sympathies and loyalties, a fact which led to
conflicts and turmoil within the nation, culminating in the English Civil War.
120. (D) The enclosure movement was in full swing by the 1660’s, and Charles II’s favorites
were often rewarded with lands confiscated from former Puritan owners. The new King’s natural
allies were the surviving, aristocratic associates of his late father. Being aristocrats, they were
Britain’s major landowners, and they were the beneficiaries of Charles II’s gratitude for helping
him to return to the British throne.
121. (E) See The Dutch Republic in Notes on Chapter 16.
122. (A) See Charles IX of France in Notes on Chapter 16.
123. (C) The Battle of Lepanto ended, for a time, the Ottoman threat to the Hapsburg’s holdings
in eastern and southern Europe. It was a sea battle which virtually destroyed the Turkish fleet.
124. (D) On the contrary, Prussia reintroduced serfdom into its realm, as a compensation to the
Junkers for their participation in the Prussian civil service and army.
125. (C) The date for Ivan the Terrible’s death is wrong. It should read 1584, not 1524.
126. (B) The king, in this case Charles I, retained the power to dissolve Parliament.
127. (D) The Hanover dynasty (kings named George, for the most part) only came to power in
Britain after the death of Queen Anne in 1714. The right of all British males to vote would not
come for over 200 years. Catholics continued to be ineligible for political offices in Britain for
some time to come. The power of Parliament, however, would be greatly enhanced by reforms
enacted during and after the Glorious Revolution.
128. (B) After considerable bloodshed in the Thirty Years’ War, ironically, the settlement agreed
to at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 was reaffirmed.
129. (C) See The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in Notes on Chapter 16.
130. (B) Italy had no centralized government and consisted of a contentious collection of citystates. Moreover, it was the battleground of several European powers attempting to carve out
territories for themselves.
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131. (D) The Hapsburgs dominated Europe in the 16th century, even though they never actually
achieved full-fledged European hegemony.
132. (D) The impact on Russian history of the Mongol invasions of the High Middle Ages was
considerable. The land had been repeatedly devastated by the Mongols, breeding within the
Russian population a deep-seated paranoia which has persisted into modern times.
133. (B) See Peter the Great in Notes on Chapter 16.
134. (C) See Junkers in Notes on Chapter 16.
135. (B) Mannerists imitated the Renaissance masters, creating works “in the manner” of those
who had preceded them. Mannerism is a phenomenon of the 1600’s. El Greco means “The
Greek.” He was in fact Greek, but he achieved fame in Spain.
136. (C) See The Dutch Republic in Notes on Chapter 16.
137. (B) Hungary fell briefly to Ottoman control after the Battle of Mohacs.
138. (E) Talented members of the bourgeoisie, or middle class, were preferred for posts in public
and civil administration by Europe’s “New Monarchs.” Kings attempting to establish centralized
monarchies simply feared the consequences of giving too much real power to aristocrats.
Centralization could only derive from breaking the independent power of the nation’s nobility, so
nobles had to be deprived of power, not granted it. Also, power was increasingly coming to
depend upon wealth, the money to buy the new technology of the time, principally gunpowder
and cannon. The bourgeoisie was the segment of the population which was expert at creating
new wealth through commerce. The richer the nation, the more taxes could be realistically
collected by a monarch.
139. (C) James I was an avid advocate and explicator of divine right monarchy.
140. (D) See Philip II of Spain in Notes on Chapter 16.
141. (E) Centralization of political authority usually required religious conformity within the
subject population. Religious diversity all too often could lead to political upheaval and loss of
political control.
142. (C) France was the greedy neighbor of the Netherlands, forever plotting to seize Dutch
territory. The War of the League of Augsburg was raging on the continent in 1688, and William
was eager for British assistance against France.
143. (E) See Peter the Great in Notes on Chapter 16.
144. (C) The Battle of Poltava of 1709 was a Russian victory over the Swedes and their Russian
Cossack allies. The triumph gave Peter the Great territory on the Baltic Coast, which he had long
coveted. See Peter the Great in Notes on Chapter 16.
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145. (E) Colbert was a founder of mercantilism, the very opposite of “laissez faire” economics,
which would emerge about a hundred years later in the 1700’s.
146. (B) Europe’s Renaissance “New Monarchs” were also “politiques,” dedicated to
governmental centralization, at whatever cost.
147. (C) More’s Utopia is a virtually classless society, almost a proto-communistic community.
148. (E) The Netherlands were the most important part of Spain’s continental empire, at least
from an economic perspective.
149. (C) All English kings after the establishment of Parliament in the High Middle Ages were
compelled to make concessions to Parliament.
150. (E) Henry Bourbon of Navarre ascended the throne of France in 1589, inaugurating the
French Bourbon dynasty.
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