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Fig. 1. Common shapes of bacteria Fig. 2: Different arrangements of cocci bacteria. Fig. 3. A view of the spiral bacteria. a. b. Fig.4a,b: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM), the backbone of peptidoglycan layer connected by interpeptide bridges.? Table 1: Differences between cell wall of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram positive bacteria Gram negative bacteria Peptidoglycan layer very thick (25 nm) Peptidoglycan layer thin (3 nm) Peptidoglycan contains Tiecholic acid, an additional polysaccharide Tiecholic acid absent About 60-90% of cell wall is peptidoglycan Only 10-20% of cell wall is peptidoglycan Cell wall contains very little lipids and Cell wall contains many lipids and proteins proteins They retain crystal violet iodine complex in Gram staining due to plenty of peptidoglycan and high thickness Gram stain is lost due to thinnes of cell wall and abundance of lipo-proteins and lipopolyaccharides Outer membrane absent Outer membrane present Periplasmic space absent Periplasmic space present Fig.5. Depiction of the outer membrane and periplasmic space in the cell wall. Fig. 6. Different flagellar arrangements in bacteria. Fig. 7. Structure of the flagellar components. Fig. 8: Pilli around bacteria and facilitating bacterial copulation. Fig. 9: Structure and components of the bacterial cell membrane. Fig. 10. Bacterial genome Fig. 11. Endospores of bacteria