Download Chapter 17, Section 1 What is Climate?

Chapter 17, Section 1 What is Climate?
1) Climate is the pattern of weather that occurs in an area over ________.
2) Climate determines the types of _____________ or ______________
that can survive, and influences how people live.
3) Elements that are averaged to determine climate are _____________
precipitation, air pressure, humidity, and days of sunshine
4) Latitude is the distance north or south of the ___________________.
5) In the Tropics (between 23° north and 23° south) the sun shines directly
overhead, keeping temperatures _______________________.
6) In the ________________ zones (66° north and 66° south to the poles)
the sun shines at a low angle, keeping temperatures low.
7) In the Temperate zones (between the tropics and the polar zones) the
temperatures are ________________.
8) Most of the United States is in a _________________________ zone.
9) Large bodies of water affect the climate of coastal areas by _________
or giving off heat.
10) This ‘coastal affect’ causes many coastal regions to be ______________
in the winter and ________________ in the summer.
11) Ocean currents can bring cool or warm temperatures and ___________
to coastal areas.
12) At the same latitude, the climate on a mountain is _________________
than the climate at sea level.
13) Mountains cause air to rise, cool, and condense, creating a ___________
climate on the windward side of the mountain and a much drier climate on
the leeward side.
14) On the _______________ side of a mountain range, the air rises, cools
as the altitude increases, and drops its moisture as precipitation.
15) On the ________________ side of a mountain range, air descends,
heats back up, and dries the land.
16) This series of events is called _____________ __________________.
This is why deserts are common on leeward sides of mountains.
17) Because of their large areas of solar radiation-absorbing pavement,
_________________ frequently have higher temperatures than
surrounding areas.
18) Air ___________________in large cities can trap heat causing the
heat-island effect.
Meeting Individual Needs
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Chapter 17, Section 2 Climate Types
1) Climatologists today use Köppen’s system of climate_______________.
2) Köppen examined temperature, precipitation, and _________________.
3) Köppen’s classification system separates climates into 6 groups:
tropical, mild, dry, continental, polar, and ______________________
4) An adaptation is any structure or behavior that helps an organism
_______________ in its environment
5) ___________________ adaptations are inherited body structures that
help organisms survive in certain climates.
6) The ______________ of mammals that insulates them from the cold
temperatures is an example of a _____________________ adaptation.
7) A cactus’s thick, fleshy _________ helps it keep water from evaporating.
8) Cactus also have spiny needles, instead of flat leaves, to further
______________ water loss.
9) ____________________ adaptations are behaviors that help organisms
survive in a certain climate.
10) An example of a behavioral adaptation is during cold weather, bees
cluster together in a tight ball to ________________ heat.
11) Another type of Behavioral Adaptation is ___________________,
which is a period of greatly reduced activity during cold months.
12) Some of the factors thought to trigger ___________________ include
cooler temperatures, shorter days, and lack of adequate food.
13) Another type of behavioral adaptation is _____________________
which is similar to hibernation except that it occurs during periods of
intense heat rather than cold.
14) A lungfish survives periods of intense __________ and _____________
by going into a state of estivation.
15) Humans have genetic adaptations too. In hot weather your __________
______________ release water onto your skin. As the water _______
you become cooler.
16) When you shiver, rapid __________________ movements produce heat.
Chapter 17, Section 3, Climatic Changes
1) Seasons are short periods of climatic change caused by changes in the
amount of _____________ ___________________an area receives.
2) As Earth revolves around the Sun, different areas of Earth are ________
toward the Sun.
3) The ____________ do not experience much seasonal temperature change.
4) High latitudes, near the poles, experience _________ _____________ in
seasonal temperature changes.
5) El Niño is an occasional climatic event in which strong Pacific trade winds
______________ and sometimes _______________.
6) El Niño can cause ocean temperatures near Peru to _______________.
7) ________________ can cause strong storms in California and other
southern states.
8) El Niño can cause the position and strength of one of the ___________
___________ to be altered, changing wind and precipitation patterns
around the world.
9) If the Jet Streams are altered, Africa and Australia may experience
_______________.
10) La Niña is the opposite of El Niño. The winds blowing across the Pacific
are ________________ than normal.
11) At times in the past, Earth’s climate was much _____________ or
__________________ than now.
12) Causes of _________________ change can operate over short or very
long periods of time.
13) Solar radiation can be blocked by large numbers of solid and liquid
_________________ entering upper the atmosphere.
14) Catastrophic events such as __________ ___________ ___________
and _________________ collisions can cause climatic change by adding
particles to the upper atmosphere.
15) The amount of ______________ output can also cause climatic change.
16) Variations in solar radiation, possibly related to the presence of _______
can cause climatic change.
17) _______________ are dark spots on the surface of the sun thought to
be caused by very strong magnetic fields.
18) Variations in Earth’s movements in space can change the amount of
____________ ___________ reaching it.
19) Earth’s _______________________ changes about every 41,000 years.
20) Earth’s _______________ wobbles in space.
21) The shape of Earth’s _____________ changes over a 100,000-year cycle.
22) The movement of Earth’s ___________________ and _____________
affects the transfer of heat on Earth, which changes wind and
precipitation patterns.
23) The Greenhouse effect is a natural heating process that occurs when
certain gases such as __________________, _______________, and
water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat.
24) If there were no _____________ ________________, Earth’s
surface would be too cold for life to exist at all because greenhouse
gasses are necessary to keep Earth warm.
25) Earth’s average global surface temperature is rising, possibly due to the
increase in ____________ ____________ in our atmosphere. This rise
in temperature is called _______________ ___________________.
26) Many human activities can affect the air in Earth’s ________________.
27) Burning ____________ ___________ increases the amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere.
28) ___________________ results in fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere.
29) Individuals can help reduce the amount of _____________ __________
in the atmosphere.
30) People can plant trees to help reduce the amount of ___________
________________ in the atmosphere.
31) People can help reduce ______________ Warming by conserving energy.
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the region’s
____________________.
2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold.
3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism
survive.
4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their
____________________.
5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called
____________________.
6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called
____________________.
7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is
a(n) ____________________ adaptation.
8. In the Köppen System, climate groups are classified according to
temperature and
____________________.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
9. What is an adaptation?
10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?
11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry
climates?
12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants
survive in dry climates?
13. Name the six groups of climates in the Köppen classification system.
Meeting Individual Needs
2 Reinforcement
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. In the illustration, what season is it in the
northern hemispheres? In the southern
hemisphere?
2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations of
temperature and day length greatest? Least?
3. What are the effects of El Niño?
4. What is global warming?
5. How might global warming affect Earth?
6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?
7. What is the greenhouse effect?
8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?
9. How do scientists know what Earth’s climate was like in earlier geologic
eras?
Directions: Explain how each of the following factors affects the climate of
the surrounding area.
2. Large bodies of water:
3. Ocean currents:
4. Mountains:
5. Rain shadows:
a. Windward side of mountain:
b. Leeward side of mountain:
6. Cities:
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
9. What is an adaptation?
10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?
11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry
climates?
12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants
survive in dry climates?
13. Name the six groups of climates in the Köppen classification system.
2 Study Guide 17
Chapter
Koopen classification system