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THE Five THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY To help illustrate the link between history and geography, geographers have identified five themes that can be used to examine the role that geography plays. 1 Location serves as a starting point by asking, “Where is it?” Absolute location refers to the exact location on the earth’s surface as measured by latitude (lines north and south of the Equator) and longitude (lines east and west of the Prime Meridian). Relative location is less precise. It helps you orient yourself to a location that is relative to something else. 2 3 4 The idea of Place includes more than just where something is located. It includes those physical or human features and characteristics that give an area its own identity or personality. 5 Modern mapmaking uses photography as a tool. A LANDSAT satellite provided data for this image of Miami, Florida. Human/Environment Interaction focuses on how people respond to and alter their environment. To live comfortably or even to survive in many parts of the world, people must make changes in the environment or adapt to conditions they cannot change, or both. The Movement of people and things between places means that events in other places can have an impact on you personally. Transportation routes, communication systems, and trade connections link people and places throughout the world. The movement of people is particularly important because they can spread ideas and cultural characteristics from one place to another. A Region is an area that is unified by some geographic, cultural, economic, or political feature or a mixture of features. It is used to generalize about parts of the earth’s surface in either physical or human terms. Geography’s Impact on History As you read World History: The Human Experience, pay special attention to the ways in which geography has influenced history and fashioned the world in which you live. 10 The Five Themes of Geography Themes IN WORLD HISTORY W orld history is a record of the adventures of humankind—both the famous and the ordinary—throughout thousands of years. By studying world history—by gazing across time—you can under- stand the past and recognize its contribution to the present and the future. World history tells of significant people and events. It also encompasses broad historical themes that happen again and again, providing meaning for events in the past and showing how they affect contemporary life. World History: The Human Experience introduces nine key historical themes. Each chap- ter highlights and develops several of these themes that demonstrate the interconnectedness of ideas and events. These events help organize your study of world history and make connections across time. Cooperation/Conflict focuses on Innovation includes cultural, scientific, and how people relate to each other throughout history—sometimes in cooperation, working together to accomplish a common goal, at other times in conflict, struggling against one another. technical breakthroughs that increase knowledge and impact the way people live and think. Revolution/Reaction deals with revolution, or the sudden overthrow of long-established ideas and organizations, contrasted with reaction, or the efforts to oppose new ideas and preserve traditional ways. Change includes political, social, religious, cultural, and economic transformations that influence human activities throughout the centuries. Diversity/Uniformity focuses on the diversity or variety of world peoples and customs, contrasted with the desire for uniformity or commonality in some societies. Regionalism/Nationalism deals with a sense of loyalty and belonging, expressed in ties to a region, to a nation, or to the world as a whole—to the global community. Cultural Diffusion focuses on the spread of cultural expressions through a variety of means across nations, regions, and the world. Movement involves the movement of people throughout history, including patterns of migration, exploration, and colonization as well as imperialism—people in one place on the globe exercising control over people in another place. Relation to Environment emphasizes human-environment interchange—how people are affected by their environment and, in turn, how they affect that same environment. Horn player, Benin Themes in World History 11