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Download Rise and spread of Muslim Empires Sam Miyashita • 620 CE
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Rise and spread of Muslim Empires Sam Miyashita 620 C.E. – The Angel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad, who was a Caravan trader. He told him to recite the word of God. He received the Qur’an (or Koran), 5 Pillars of Islam. He was a Prophet and Muslims believe him to be the final Prophet, in order to bring people to the one true religion. The worship of and submission to the one true God. Islam also recognizes Moses and Jesus as Prophets as well. The Qur’an is written as the actual word of God himself and every word is considered to be holy. 5 Pillars of Islam: 1). Shahada- This is the procession of faith. “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is Allah’s Prophet.” ‘Allah’ is the Arabic word for God. He is the same God as in Judaism and Christianity, the God of Abraham, hence the three ‘Abrahamic’ Religions. 2). Salat- Ritual prayer 5 times per day. Dawn, noon, Afternoon, Sunset, late evening. Unless you haven’t hit puberty yet, are sick, or menstruating. 3). Sawm- Month long fast during Ramadan where there is no eating, drinking, or smoking cigarettes during the day. Held in the winter when days are shorter and longer. 4). Zakat- Alms giving. All Muslims who are not poor are required to give a percentage of their earnings to the poor. (4%) 5). Hajj- Pilgrimage to the Holy city of Mecca. All Muslims should do this once in their lifetime unless you are sick or you don’t have enough money. Hadith- Supplementary sacred texts to the Qur’an, just like the Talmud in Judaism and the lives of Saints and teachings of Church Fathers in Christianity. Some Hadiths are actually inaccurate and are not respected or treated as scripture. Most Muslims believe that the misconception of the 72 virgins when you go to heaven is actually not true. Islam means ‘Submission.’ A Muslim is one who Submits. Ummah: The community or nation. Refers to the whole Muslim world. *Quraysh Tribe- Tribe that Muhammad was born into, controlled Mecca. They were polytheists while Islam is strictly monotheistic. They forced Muhammad and his followers out of Mecca in 622. They fled to Medina and this exodus marks the year 0 on the Islamic calendar. While in Medina, he severed ties with Judaism, taking the emphasis away from Jerusalem and towards Mecca. Muhammad was also an exemplary general, as well as prophet. In 630 he recaptured Mecca and destroyed the polytheist idols and it became predominantly Muslim. Calif (Khalifa): Political leader. The first calif was Abu Bakr, who was Muhammad’s father in law, the father of his favorite wife. The fourth was his own son Ali. Sunni-Shiite Split: One of the main reasons for the split between the two dominant sects was because of the issue of who should be the rightful Calif. Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr should have been the Calif. Shiite Muslims believe that Ali, Muhammad’s son should have been the Calif. Territory- Expanded from Spain, Sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan(Above) Two Empires: 1) Umayyad Caliphate (661- 750) Made Arabic the official language of the Muslim world Taxed non-Muslims more in order to convert them to Islam Many rebellions caused their decline 2) Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258) The “Golden Age” of Classical Islamic culture The capital was Baghdad *Trade networks formed here linked the Middle East with Europe, Africa, and Asia. Decline: The empire eventually became so big (see map) that it became hard to rule over it all and the millions of people and all the diversity and ethnicities located inside of it. The Sunni/Shiite split also contributed to it’s decline. The last straw was the invasion of the Turks in 1258. The last Abbasid Caliphate was killed. The middle east was split off into different states until the Ottomans came later and reunified some of them. *Islam was spread to Africa through slave traders and relatively peacefully. Islam spread mostly without any military campaigns, as Islam directly states that it shall not be spread by force.