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exam b ief Geography with Part Two Structured and Essay Questions Physical Geography 80 Marks Physical Geography questions are numbered 1, 2, and 3 and you must answer one question from three multi-part questions. You should spend thirty five minutes on this section and allocate your time as follows: Part A: 20 marks - 5 minutes Part B: 30 marks – 15 minutes Part C: 30 marks – 15 minutes Part A Questions are generally based on a skill – reading information from an Ordnance Survey map, labelling diagrams or drawing a sketch map of an Ordnance Survey map or aerial photograph. EXAM TIP: The following is a checklist of topics to revise for Part A questions on Physical Geography. • • • • • Sketch maps of Aerial photographs and Ordnance Survey maps. Explanation of processes of erosion, transportation and deposition for Rivers, Glaciation and the Sea. Processes of weathering and mass movement. Labelling diagrams of features created by Rivers, Glaciation, The Sea and Weathering. Example of features created by Rivers, Glaciation, The Sea, and Weathering and identification of features, where possible, on an Ordnance Survey map and an Aerial photograph. exam b ief Geography with 2012 Question 3A Weathering and erosion D The Rock Cycle Slow uplift to surface C Melting Magma from molten crust and mantle Transportation and deposition B Burial, high temperatures and pressures Campaction and cementation A Examine the diagram of the rock cycle above and answer the following questions. (i) Name the category of rock formed at A and name one example of this category of rock. Sedimentary – Limestone (ii) Name the category of rock formed at B and name one example of this category of rock. Metamorphic – Marble (iii) Name one example of an igneous rock which is formed at C. Granite (iv) Name one example of an igneous rock which is formed at D. Basalt (v) Briefly explain the difference between the process of weathering and the process of erosion. Weathering is the breakdown of rock in situ. Erosion is the breakdown and transportation of material. (20m) exam b ief Geography with 2011 Question 2A X A Eurasian Plate D D B South American Plate C Antartic Plate Examine the map above showing the major crustal plates of the earth and answer the following questions: (i) Name the plates A, B, C and D. A: North American Plate B: Nazca Plate C: African Plate D: Pacific Plate (ii) Name the plate boundary at X. Constructive/Divergent (20m) Make notes here: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ exam b ief Geography with 2010 Question 3A A. Karst Landscapes Examine the photograph and answer the following questions in your answer book: (i) What is the name of the feature marked A? Clint (ii) What is the name of the feature marked B? Grike (iii) What is the name of the overall feature in the photograph? Limestone Pavement (iv) Name one process which helped to form these features. Carbonation (v) Name the type of rock most associated with these features. Limestone (20m) exam b ief Geography Part B and C with Marking scheme: Part B or C Questions are based on Landform Development, The Rock Cycle and Landform identified: 2 marks Plate Tectonics. It is essential to study all three topics as usually questions contain ele- One named process: 2 marks Irish example: 2 marks ments of all three. Labelled diagram: 4 marks graded A topic that has appeared every year on the Examination: 10 SRPs (20m) paper since 2006 is the formation of landforms. EXAM TIP: Last year, for the first time, the Waterfall – Feature of Erosion question specified a landform of deposition. – Youthful Stage It is also possible that two landforms may be examined. It is therefore important to Waterfalls are vertical falls of water formed study landforms of erosion and landforms due to the processes of hydraulic action, of deposition. Remember to practice writing abrasion and solution. They are usually out two landforms in fifteen minutes. found in the youthful stage of a river where vertical erosion is dominant. Landform Development A waterfall is formed when a layer of resistant/hard rock lies across or beside a layer of soft rock. Waterfalls are also created due 2010 Exam Question to tectonic activity or where a glacial valley cuts across a river’s course. Examine, with the aid of a labelled diaDifferential erosion then occurs where the gram or diagrams, the processes that soft rock is eroded at a faster rate than the have led to the formation of any one Irish resistant rock by hydraulic action. As the landform of erosion or deposition of your soft rock is removed by erosion a fall is crechoice. (30m) ated where the hard and soft rock meet. Hydraulic action is the physical force of the moving water breaking up material. The To answer this question any landform of loosened material is then transported away. erosion or deposition can be examined. The hard rock becomes undermined and Landform formation must be studied in this eventually leads to it collapsing. The detail from one of the following: hard rock is then swirled by the movement • Rivers of the water and creates a hollow at the base • Glaciation of the waterfall called a plunge pool. • The Sea The processes involved in the formation of • Mass Movement the plunge pool are abrasion and solution. Abrasion occurs where the river uses its load EXAM TIP: It is important to include to erode away further material. Solution oca diagram, an example and explain a curs where soluble rock e.g. limestone is disprocess involved in the formation of the solved by a chemical process and is removed landform. by transportation. These processes continue to undercut the base of the waterfall and the rest of the resistant rock collapses. exam b ief Geography with This leads to the waterfall retreating upstream. A steep-sided valley called a gorge may be formed as the waterfall retreats upstream. A waterfall may also occur: • In the mature stage of a river due to a process called rejuvenation where vertical erosion begins to occur again. • Due to tectonic activity where a fall is created. • In glaciated valleys where streams flow from hanging valleys into the U-shaped valley below. Example: Ashleigh Falls, Co. Mayo Plunge pool undercuts hard rock which collapses Gorge cut as waterfall move back Rapids Waterfall Hard rock Softer rock Softer rock erodes more quicly Hard rock Hard rock Softer rock Plunge pool Softer rock New Plunge pool Make notes here: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ exam b ief Geography with Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics is a question that appears regularly on the examination paper. It is essential to study: • The Theory of Plate Tectonics • The distribution of volcanoes • The distribution and causes of earthquakes • The effects of volcanoes and earthquakes • Predicting earthquake or volcanic activity • Folding and faulting North American Plate Eurasian Plate African Plate Pacific Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Indo Australian Plate Antartic Plate 2007 Exam Question Plate boundaries are zones where crust is both created and destroyed’. Examine the above statement, with reference to examples you have studied. (30m) To answer this question it is necessary to examine both constructive and destructive plate boundaries. EXAM TIP: Examples of boundaries are required and to illustrate your answer it is a good idea to draw diagrams of boundaries. Marking scheme: Name one example of each boundary: 2 + 2 marks. Discussion re creation/destruction: 7 (6) SRPs or 6 (7) SRPs The Theory of Plate Tectonics explains the existence of plate boundaries where exam b ief Geography crust is both created and destroyed. The Theory of Plate Tectonics is composed of two theories – The Theory of Continental Drift and Sea-Floor spreading. The Theory of Continental Drift was proposed by Alfred Wegner in 1912. He proposed that the continents of the modern world prior to 200 million years ago formed a supercontinent called Pangea. Pangea then gradually split into the continents as we know them today. His evidence for the theory included: • The matching coastlines of South America and Africa. • Matching mountain ranges – The Appalachian mountains in the USA and the Caledonian mountains across Northern Ireland, Scotland and Scandinanvia form a continuous line of the same rock type when joined together. • Matching fossils found in South America and Africa. Wegner, however, could not explain how the continents moved and died in 1930. Hess proposed the Sea-floor Spreading Theory in 1960. He studied the age of rocks in the Atlantic Ocean and discovered that they were youngest at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. His theory proposed that new crust is forming at mid-ocean ridges but old crust is being destroyed at other plate boundaries thus causing plate movement. In 1968 the two theories were combined to form the Theory of Plate Tectonics. The Theory of Plate Tectonics states that the earth’s crust is made up of pieces called plates which carry the oceans and continents. The plates are in continual motion due to the convectional flow of the magma underneath. The Theory of Plate Tectonics explains the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, fold mountains and other tectonic with landforms. Plates are composed of either Continental or Oceanic crust. Plates collide, separate or slide past each other which can lead to the formation of tectonic features. Geologists recognise three types of plate boundary: 1. Constructive 2. Destructive 3. Conservative 1. Constructive Plate Boundary At a Constructive or divergent plate boundary plates separate and land is created. New crust is created at mid-oceanic ridges or at continental divides. When two oceanic plates separate a midoceanic ridge is created. For example the Mid-Atlantic ridge was formed when the North American plate separated from the Eurasian plate. When two continental plates separate a rift valley is formed, for example, the African Rift Valley. Example: The North American and Eurasian plate separate. 2. Destructive Plate Boundary At a destructive or convergent plate boundary plates collide and land is destroyed. The following situations can occur at a destructive plate boundary: • When two oceanic plates collide, the heavier oceanic plate will subduct forming an oceanic trench. Volcanic island arcs mark these zones of collision. • An example of oceanic-oceanic collision is where the Pacific Plate subducts below the smaller Mariana Plate to form the Mariana Trench. • When two continental plates collide subduction does not occur instead the exam b ief Geography crust folds to form fold mountains. The Himalayas were formed when the Eurasian and the IndoAustralian plates collided. • When a continental plate and an oceanic plate collide, subduction occurs. The oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate as it is heavier. Colli- with sion of continental and oceanic plates form deep oceanic trenches and fold mountains. Example: The South American plate and the Nazca plate collide. Make notes here: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________