Download Nile Civilizations

January 28, 2014
• Complete the Map of Ancient Egypt using
pages 62, 64, R36 (in the Atlas at the back of
the book)
– SKIP # 8, 12, 16, 18, and 20
Nile Civilizations
1. Geography
A. The Nile River
I. It flows south to north
II. Floods annually (yearly)
1. Provides deposits that make the soil fertile
2. Richest, most fertile soil is found in the Delta
B. The Delta
I.
Definition- an area at the mouth of a river, often
triangular in shape, made up of silt deposits
2. Early Egypt
A. Two Kingdoms
I.
People spoke different dialects and had different
customs
II. Lower Egypt (Northern Kingdom)
1.
2.
Occupied the delta region
Symbol was the snake because they worshiped the cobra
goddess
III. Upper Egypt (Southern Kingdom)
1.
2.
Occupied the area south of the Delta to the 1st Cataract
Symbol was the vulture because they worshiped a vulture
goddess
B. Menes
I.
Legend states he united the 2 kingdoms around
3100 B.C.
II. He adopted the symbols of both kingdoms
1.
Wore a crown that combined both symbols
III. Founded the 1st dynasty in Egypt
3. 3 Kingdoms (Time Periods)
A. Old Kingdom ( 2650- 2150 B.C.)
I.
II.
III.
IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Started with the 3rd Dynasty
Began a stable period in Egypt
Built the pyramids
Head of government was the pharaoh
Had absolute power
Owned all the land
Acted as judges
Leader of army
Believed to be a god
v. Religion and government closely intertwined
1. Egypt’s government was a theocracy
a. A state ruled by religious figures
vi. Had a well established bureaucracy
1. A highly structured organization managed by officials
2. Had no power of their own, but acted on the wishes of
the pharaoh
3. Most powerful official was the vizier
a.
4.
Responsible for advising the pharaoh, carrying out his orders
and trying court cases
Other officials served as governors, supervisors,
inspectors of irrigation and crops, census takers and
tax collectors
B. Middle Kingdom
I.
2055 B.C a new dynasty arose and started the
period of the Middle Kingdom
II. Re-established stability in Egypt
III. Capital was Thebes
IV. Enjoyed economic prosperity
V. Secured trade routes
VI. Built fortresses along the Nile
VII.Fell to Hyksos invaders around 1650 BC
C. New Kingdom
I. Defeated the Hyksos around 1550 B.C.
II. Built powerful military to protect against invasion
I.
First permanent army
III. Extended empire beyond the Nile into the region
of Nubia and other lands
iv. Famous Leaders
1. Hatshepsut
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
One of a few women to rule Egypt
Proclaimed herself pharaoh
Referred to herself as the son of the sun god.
Encouraged trade
Had statues made that portrayed her as a man
Nephew had almost all that she had built destroyed
Hatshepsut on the right
Granite Sphinx bearing the likeness of Hatshepsut.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.
2. Amenhotep IV
a. Changed his name to Akhenaten
i.
Means beloved of Aten
b. Introduced monotheism to Egypt
i.
Banned the worship of many gods/goddesses….could only
worship Aten
c. Built a new capital called Akhetaten
3. Tutankhamon
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Also known as King Tut
Son of Akhetaten
Restored the worship of Egypt’s traditional gods
Moved capital back to Thebes
Also only tomb in the Valley of the Kings not to
be raided
4. Ramses II
a. Also known as Ramses the Great
b. Ruled for 60 years
c. Built more temples and monuments than any other
pharaoh
i.
Temples at Abu Simbel and Karnak are two of the more
famous
d. Reign marked the last period of Egyptian greatness
4. Egyptian Culture
A. Religion
i.
Polytheistic
1.
Worshiped many gods and goddesses
ii. Believed gods controlled all natural events
iii. Main gods and goddesses
1.
Re or Amen-Re
a.
b.
c.
The sun god
Almost always a key figure in Egyptian religion
Believed to be king of the gods and father of the pharaohs
2. Anubis
a.
b.
Protector of the dead
Believed he weighed the
souls of the dead and
decided their fate
3. Osiris, Isis, and Horus
a. Osiris is believed to have introduced civilization into
Egypt
b. Story goes that he was killed by his brother Seth, who
cut his body into pieces and scattered them across
Egypt.
c. Isis, Osiris’ wife, found all the pieces and reassembled
them and this brought Osiris back to life.
d. They had a child named, Horus who would seek
revenge on his uncle
a. Osiris
 Became the new judge
of the dead
b. Isis
 Became known as the
goddess of nature and
renewal
c. Horus
 Became the first king of
Egypt
iv. Built temples to honor
the gods
1. Featured Obelisks
a.
b.
Tall, thin pillars with
pyramid-shaped tops
Made from a single piece
of stone and had intricate
designs
v. Priest performed rituals to the gods
1. Seen as their responsibility to care for the gods
vi. People worshiped the gods during annual
festivals
1. Not allowed to enter temples; only the priests and
pharaohs could.
b. Mummification
i.
Believed that a force called the Ka left the body
when it died
1.
Ka journeyed into the afterlife
ii. Developed a process to preserve the body called
mummification
iii. Early mummification was only for the pharaoh
and members of the royal family
iv. Mummification Process
1. First step was removal of internal organs.
a. Organs were placed in jars and buried with the body.
b. The heart was left in the body.
2. Second step was to pack the body with various
materials to keep its shape
a. Special salt was used to dry out the body
b. Then it would be wrapped in linens
3. Bodies would then be buried with all possessions
thought necessary in the afterlife.
vi. Tombs were painted with colorful scenes
from the person’s life or stories about the gods
Search and Rescue
• Start at your assigned letter. Write it down.
• Flip open the page, and write the question.
• Think of the answer. Then, find it at another
letter around the room.
• Write down the answer.
• Write down the next letter, and repeat.
• When you have gone to all 9 letters, you will
find a secret message!
When you’re finished…
• Read page 71 in your textbook.
• Then, answer questions 1-3. (You do not need
to write the question).
• Answer questions 1, 2, 6-10 on page 28, and
questions 1-4, 6, 7 on page 58. Please write the
entire sentence.
HWH Homework
Use your notes and textbook pages 63 – 70 to complete the graphic organizer below.
Period
Early Egypt
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Achievement
Why it’s important
January 31, 2014
How did geography impact early civilizations?
Come up with at least 2 examples.
Please turn in your
homework (Egyptian
achievements graphic
organizer) to the front
of the room!
Essays
What I was looking for:
• Clear opening statement (not too long)
• At least two points to support your argument
• Proper citations, used appropriately
• Concluding statement
5. Daily Life
A. Social Structure
i.
At the very top the pharaoh and the royal family
1.
Followed by priest, government officials, scribes,
military leaders, landowners and doctors
ii. Next were artisans, craftspeople and merchants
iii. Third, was made up of 90% of the population
which are farmers
iv. At the very bottom were slaves
1.
2.
Never made up most of the population
Most were convicted criminals and prisoners of war
b. Marriage/ Family
i.
Pharaohs would often marry sisters and had more
than one wife
ii. Most men had only one wife
iii. Patriarch society
1. Father was the head of the house
iv. Women
1. Primary responsibility was to take care of the
home and children
2. Had more rights than most women in ancient
society
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Could divorce
Own and inherit property
Serve as priestesses
Create wills
Work as hairdressers, wigmakers and singers
v. Children did not receive an education in most
cases
c. Art, Writing and Science
i.
Art
1.
Paintings
a. Both detailed and colorful
b. Told stories of daily life, stories of the gods or
major events
2. Human figures
a. Portrayed differently
b. Gods and pharaohs are depicted larger than
other people
c. These characteristics give Egyptian art a unique
style
3. Statues
a. Large and imposing
b. Most famous statue is
the Great Sphinx
4. Hieroglyphics
a.
b.
Main writing system
Picture system used to represent objects, sounds and ideas
ii. Other writing systems
1. Hieratic
a.
Used mostly for religious text
2. Demotic
a.
b.
Used mainly for legal and literary writing
Rarely carved in stone but was used on papyrus and other
mediums
iii. The Rosetta Stone
1. Found by a French soldier
2. Stone had three types of writing on it
a. Greek, Demotic and Hieroglyphic
3. Greek allowed for the hieroglyphs to be
translated as well as the demotic
4. Unlocked the mystery of Egyptian writing
iv. Mathematics
1. Understood basic arithmetic and basic principles
of geometry
2. Had a grasp on engineering
v. Medicine
1. Greatest advances was in medicine
2. Masters of the human anatomy
a. Set bones
b. Treated wounds
c. Performed simple surgical procedures
3. Used medicine from plants and animals to cure
simple illness
4. Prescribed regimens of basic hygiene to keep
people from getting sick
HWH Quiz 1
• After the quiz, read Making an Egyptian
Mummy.
• Then, choose one to complete:
– Create a cartoon depicting the reading.
– Create an advertisement for one of the levels of
mummification.
– Create an illustrated how-to guide for an
embalmer.
• Please use color!
Create a Cartouche
• A cartouche is the name of a pharaoh written
in hieroglyphics.
• Write your own name, in hieroglyphics, on a
cartouche. Color it, and hang it up!
• Be sure to put your name on the bottom right
corner
HW - Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Foldable
• Fold a piece of paper in half hot-dog style.
• To the right of the crease, write each of the
following.
•Geography
•Leaders
•Major Gods and
Goddesses
•Social Structure
•Writing System
•Building
Achievements
•Sciences
•Mummification
•Roles of Women
• Complete the inside of the foldable using your
notes and the text.
February 3, 2014
What do you know about the Egyptian
pyramids?
The Egyptian Pyramids
How were the pyramids built?
The Pyramids at Giza
Who built the pyramids?
The Great Pyramid at Giza
Central Historical Question
Did slaves build the Great
Pyramid at Giza?
Documents Did slaves
build the
pyramids?
Doc A:
Herodotus
& Doc B:
Textbook
Doc C:
Anwass
Doc D:
Lerhner
Doc E:
Shiffman
What evidence is used
to support this claim?
Is the evidence
convincing? Why or
why not?
Final Claim
Write a paragraph that addresses the
question:
Did slaves build the Great Pyramids at
Giza?
Make sure to discuss evidence from at least
two of the documents to support your
claim.