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Contents
Issues in Doing World History xix
Images on the Screen xx
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Author xxii
Introduction
xxiii
The Model xxiv
Networks and Hierarchies xxiv
Cultural Frames and Screens xxvi
The Use of Models in History xxvii
Models: Advantages and Uses xxviii
Doing History xxviii
Overview xxix
Features and additional Resources xxix
A Note about Dates xxxi
Using the Model: Key Terms xxxi
Periodization Terms xxxii
The Model: General Terms xxxii
Network Terms xxxii
Hierarchy Terms xxxii
Terms Relating to the Intersection of Networks and Hierarchies xxxii
Cultural Frame and Screen Terms xxxii
Color Code xxxiii
PART I.
Formations: To 600 BCE
CHAPTER ONE
Early Humans and the Foundations of Human History: To 8000 BCE 4
Introduction 5
Big History 5
FRAMING Early Humans and the Foundations of Human History: To 8000 BCE 6
Deep History: Human Evolution, Biology, and Culture 9
Early Hominids 9
Homo erectus 10
Homo sapiens 13
Consequences of the Cognitive-Linguistic Revolution 14
Note: All volumes include the Introduction. Volume 1 ends with Chapter 14; Volume 2 begins with
“Frameworks of World History to 1500: A Summary,” followed by Chapter 14.
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Issues in Doing World History: What Is “Natural”? 18
The Model: A First Look 19
Demographics 19
Networks 22
Hierarchies 24
The Intersection of Networks and Hierarchies 26
Cultural Frames and Screens 27
The Late Hunter-Gatherer Era 29
Images on the Screen: Modern Minds, Modern Art 30
Hunting and Gathering Societies 31
Settlement and Its Consequences 32
Conclusion 34
Patterns and Parameters: Development of the Agrarian
World since 10,000 BCE 36
CHAPTER TWO
Introduction 37
The Agricultural Revolution 37
FRAMING Patterns and Parameters: Development of the Agrarian
World since 10,000 BCE 38
Preconditions and Elements 40
Invention and Diffusion 42
Variations and Hierarchies 45
Agrarian Development 46
Constraints 46
Patterns of Development 52
Differential Development 52
Networks and Complexity 53
Hierarchies and Complexity 54
Issues in Doing World History: “Progress,” Teleology, and Contingency 55
Images on the Screen: Warriors, Glory, Masculinity 59
Conclusion 60
CHAPTER THREE
The World of Early Complex Societies: 4000 BCE to 600 BCE 62
Introduction 63
State-Level Complex Societies 63
FRAMING The World of Early Complex Societies: 4000 BCE to 600 BCE 64
Issues in Doing World History: The Meaning of the Word “Civilization” 66
The Limits of Warrior Chiefdoms 66
Agrarian States: The Model 67
The Founding State-Level Societies, 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE 73
Commonalities 77
Causes for the Emergence of State-Level Societies 79
Challenges 81
Images on the Screen: Justifying Hierarchy 82
Nomads and Sedentary Peoples 84
The Indo-Europeans 84
A Long-Term Pattern 86
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State Development, 2200 BCE to 600 BCE 88
Transitions, 2200 BCE to 1700 BCE 88
Chariot Kingdoms, 1700 BCE to 1200 BCE 88
Cities and Small States, 1200 BCE to 600 BCE 91
Conclusion 94
PART II.
Transformations: 600 BCE to 700 CE
CHAPTER FOUR
The Axial Age: 600 BCE to 300 BCE 98
Introduction 99
FRAMING The Axial Age: 600 BCE to 300 BCE 100
Networks and Hierarchies 102
Intersections 102
Networks Flows 102
The Limits of Isolation 104
An Axial Age Overview 104
New Cultural Frames 105
Images on the Screen: Lasting Images: Axial Age Thinkers on Modern
Cultural Screens 106
Axial Age Worlds 107
India: Care of the Soul 107
China: The Cosmic State 111
Persia: God’s Plan 116
Greece: The Thrill of the Chase 120
Comparisons 125
Issues in Doing World History: The Impact of Ideas 127
Conclusion 128
CHAPTER FIVE
The Age of Empires: 500 BCE to 400 CE 130
Introduction 131
FRAMING The Ages of Empires: 500 BCE to 400 CE 132
A World of Empires 134
Southwest Asia 134
Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms 137
India 139
Rome 142
China 144
Beyond the Axial Age Core 148
Empires and Models 149
Types of Empires 150
Networks and Empires 151
Empires as Hierarchies 154
Images on the Screen: Advertising Power 159
Issues in Doing World History: “Western Civilization” 160
Conclusion 162
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CHAPTER SIX
Societies and Peoples: Everyday Life in the Agrarian World 164
Introduction 165
FRAMING Societies and Peoples: Everyday Life in the Agrarian World 166
Varieties of Culture 168
The Great Cultural Divide 168
The Individual and Society 171
Religion: Central to Cultural Frames 173
Life Cycles: Daily Life in the Traditional World 175
Birth 175
Issues in Doing World History: Science, Evidence, and History 177
Childhood 178
Marriage 179
Images on the Screen: Weddings: Advertising Social Relationships 180
Work 183
Play 185
Death 187
Cultural Worlds, 200 to 1000 189
The Worlds of 200 189
Migration and Salvation 192
The Worlds of 1000 193
Conclusion 196
CHAPTER SEVEN
The Salvation Religions: 200 BCE to 900 CE 198
Introduction 199
FRAMING The Salvation Religions: 200 BCE to 900 CE 200
Themes and Patterns 202
Which Religions Count? 202
Contexts 202
Issues in Doing World History: The Connection of Past and Present 203
The Response: Common Features 204
Rise and Spread 210
Mahayana Buddhism 210
Devotional Hinduism 214
Christianity 216
Islam 219
Patterns of Expansion 223
Impact and Limits 225
Network Impacts 225
Hierarchy Impacts 226
Images on the Screen: Images of Legitimacy 227
Cultural Frame Impacts 228
Limits 228
Conclusion 228
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PART III.
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Traditions: 400 to 1100
Contested Intersections: Networks, Hierarchies,
and Traditional Worlds to 1500 232
CHAPTER EIGHT
Introduction 233
FRAMING Contested Intersections: Networks, Hierarchies,
and Traditional Worlds to 1500 234
Expanding Networks 236
Population and Production 236
Technologies of Communication 236
Expansion and Hierarchies 237
Trade Circuits 238
Maritime Worlds 239
Maritime Geography 239
Issues in Doing World History: Oceanic and National Histories 244
Patterns of Activity 244
Images on the Screen: Projecting Naval Power 248
Contested Intersections 250
Tensions: Community and Identity 250
Synergies: Networks and Knowledge 254
Management: the Merchant Dilemma 259
Conclusion 260
CHAPTER NINE
Traditional Worlds I: Inner Circuit Eurasia, 400 to 1100 262
Introduction 263
FRAMING Traditional Worlds I: Inner Circuit Eurasia, 400 to 1100 264
Themes and Topics 266
Issues in Doing World History: Slicing Up a Vast Topic 267
The Steppe World 268
Peoples and Migrations: A World in Motion 268
Oasis Cities 270
China: The Sui and Tang Dynasties 270
The Tang Dynasty 272
The Song Dynasty 275
North China: The Jin 277
The Indic World 279
The Gupta Empire and Successor States, 220 to 800 279
Islamic Invasions: 800 to 1100 281
The Islamic World 281
Images on the Screen: Textual Authority 282
Foundations to 750 283
The Abassid Revolution and Islamic Hierarchies, post-750 286
The Byzantine World 289
Byzantium on the Defensive, 640 to 900 289
Byzantium, 900 to 1100: Expansion and Crisis 292
Kievan Rus 295
Conclusion 296
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Traditional Worlds II: Outer Circuit Afro-Eurasia, 400 to 1100 298
CHAPTER TEN
Introduction 299
FRAMING Traditional Worlds II: Outer Circuit Afro-Eurasia, 400 to 1100 300
Cores and Margins 302
Outer East Asia: In the Shadow of China 303
Vietnam: Conquered Kingdom 303
Korea: Opponent and Ally 305
Japan: Imitation at a Distance 306
The Indian Ocean World: Networked Worlds Around an Oceanic
Highway 309
Secondary Cores 310
Trade Kleptocracies 313
Networked City-States 314
The Sahel: Between Desert and Forest 314
Images on the Screen: Writing Imitation and Distinction 316
Western Europe 317
Issues in Doing World History: Archival Survival 318
“Barbarian” Kingdoms, 400 to 750 318
The Carolingian Interlude, 750 to 900 321
Kingdoms, Counties, and City-States, 900 to 1100 323
Conclusion 326
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Traditional Worlds III: Separate Circuits, 400 to 1500 328
Introduction 329
FRAMING Traditional Worlds III: Separate Circuits, 400 to 1500 330
Isolated Worlds 332
Isolation and Complexity 333
Worlds of Simple Societies 333
From Simplicity to Complexity: Bantu Africa 335
Issues in Doing World History: Romanticizing the Past 336
Geography and Diversity: The Polynesian Pacific 338
Images on the Screen: Images in Stone 342
Complex American Worlds 343
The Mayan World 343
The Aztec World 346
The Incan World 349
North America 352
Isolation Revisited: Networks and Resiliency 353
Conclusion 355
PART IV.
Contradictions: 1100 to 1500
CHAPTER TWELVE
War, States, Religions: 1100 to 1400 358
Introduction 359
FRAMING War, States, Religions: 1100 to 1400 360
Expanding Worlds 362
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When Cultural Frames Collide 364
Frames and Cultural Contact 365
Images on the Screen: Projecting the Enemy 367
Frames, War, and State Formation 368
Collisions 368
Suljuk Turks and Byzantium 368
The Crusades 371
Issues in Doing World History: Cultural Frames and “Holy War” 372
The Iberian Reconquista 374
The Delhi Sultinate 377
Formations 379
Mamluk Egypt: Slave Soldiers and Sultans 379
Japan: Warriors and Courtiers 381
Western Europe: Knights and Merchants 384
Conclusion 388
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
The Crisis of the Mongol Age: 1200 to 1400 390
Introduction 391
FRAMING The Crisis of the Mongol Age: 1200 to 1400 392
The Mongols 394
Temujin and the Mongol Reconstruction 394
The Mongol Conquests 397
Immediate Impacts 398
The Black Death 400
Origin and Epidemiology of a Catastrophe 401
Issues in Doing World History: Evolution and Historical
Evidence 401
Spread 402
Immediate Impacts 403
Images on the Screen: The Plague 405
Reactions and Reconstructions 406
Ming China 407
Islam 410
Russia 412
Central Asia 415
Conclusion 418
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Innovation and Tradition: 1350 to 1550 420
Introduction 421
FRAMING Innovation and Tradition: 1350 to 1550 422
Broken: Post-Plague Western Europe 424
Toward Breakdown 424
Framing a Breakdown 427
Post-Plague Networks 433
Issues in Doing World History: European Exceptionalism 434
Maritime Worlds 436
Maritime Technologies 437
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Images on the Screen: Charting the Waters 439
Case Studies in Maritime Organization and Goals 440
Comparisons 446
A Global Network Emerges 449
Conclusion 450
PART V.
Connections: 1500 to 1800
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
The Late Agrarian World I: Networks of Exchange, 1500 to 1800 454
Introduction 455
FRAMING The Late Agrarian World I: Networks of Exchange,
1500 to 1800 456
The Connected World of 1500 to 1800 458
Commodities 459
Issues in Doing World History: “Late Agrarian” versus “Early Modern” 460
The Columbian Exchange 460
The Silver Circuit 462
Distant Luxuries 463
Local and Bulk Goods 465
Human Commodities: The Slave Trade 466
Production Systems 468
Agriculture 468
Traditional Manufacturing 470
Images on the Screen: Cities as Images 472
Transport and Merchant Capitalism 473
Cores, Peripheries, Colonies 478
Cores and Peripheris 479
Colonies 481
Conclusion 482
The Late Agrarian World II: Hierarchies in a Global
System, 1500 to 1800 484
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Introduction 485
FRAMING The Late Agrarian World II: Hierarchies in a Global System,
1500 to 1800 486
Global Systems 488
States and Societies 488
Hierarchies and the Network 496
States, Other States, and Screen Images 497
Images on the Screen: Mapping Authority 499
Regional Patterns 500
Cavalry, Cannon, and the Closing of the Steppes 500
Warring States 505
Maritime Worlds 510
Issues in Doing World History: The “Military Revolution” 511
Systemic Maturity 515
Conclusion 516
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The Late Agrarian World III: Cultural Frames,
Cultural Encounters, 1500 to 1800 518
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Introduction 519
FRAMING The Late Agrarian World III: Cultural Frames, Cultural
Encounters, 1500 to 1800 520
Cultural Frames and Screens: Themes and Patterns 522
Constructing Self-Identity 522
Encounters 523
Making Meaning 524
Technologies of Culture: Printing 525
Encounters 527
Subcultural Encounters 528
Images on the Screen: Projecting Individualism 529
Meeting the Americas 531
Confucians and Jesuits 533
Slavery and Race 536
The Scientific Revolution 540
Contexts and Origins 540
Models, Data, and Meaning 541
Science in the World 543
Issues in Doing World History: Science and Religion 544
Conclusion 545
Late Agrarian Transitions: North Atlantic Revolutions,
1650 to 1800 546
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Introduction 547
FRAMING Late Agrarian Transitions: North Atlantic Revolutions,
1650 to 1800 548
Changing European Hierarchies 550
Networks and Social Change 550
Framing (and Screening) Social Change 551
Stretching the Pyramid: Social-Political Disjunction 554
The Oddity of England 555
State and Society 555
Culture and Identity 558
Political Transformations 559
Forging a New Hierarchy Model 561
Theorizing the New Hierarchy 566
English Infections: Political Revolutions 568
The American Revolution 568
The French Revolution 570
Images on the Screen: Images of Revolution 572
Haiti 574
The Limits of Politically Led Restructuring 574
Issues in Doing World History: The Meaning of the Word
“Revolution” 575
Conclusion 576
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PART VI.
Convulsions: 1750 to 1914
The Industrial Revolution: Overview, Networks,
Economics 580
CHAPTER NINETEEN
Introduction 581
FRAMING The Industrial Revolution: Overview, Networks, Economics 582
English Origins 584
Context 584
Economic Resources 585
Early Industries 587
Issues in Doing World History: “Great Men” 588
Industrialization: A Global Overview 588
Chronology 589
Impacts: Mass and the End of the Agrarian World 591
Implications 593
Images on the Screen: Images of Industry 594
Industrial Economics: Good-bye Low and Slow 595
Mechanisms of Transformation 595
Mass: Production, Consumption, Markets 598
Impacts 601
Economic Culture: Capitalism 603
Capitalism as an Economic System 603
Capitalism as a Screen Image 604
Consequences of Capitalism 605
Conclusion 608
CHAPTER TWENTY
Industrial Hierarchies: Society, State, Culture 610
Introduction 611
FRAMING Industrial Hierarchies: Society, State, Culture 612
The Shape of Industrial Hierarchies 614
The Social Sphere 616
Mass Society 618
The Corporate Sphere 620
The State 620
Industrialization and the Growth of State Power 620
The State and Warfare 622
Mass Politics 623
Professionalization 626
Cultural Frames and Screens 629
Mass Media, Mass Access: Erasing the Great Cultural Divide 629
“Isms”: Self-Conscious Ideology 630
The Challenge of Cohesion 631
Nationalism 631
Issues in Doing World History: Nationalism and Academic History 632
A World of “Isms” 635
Images on the Screen: Ismic Art 636
Conclusion 638
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CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
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Imperialism: Structures and Patterns 640
Introduction 641
FRAMING Imperialism: Structures and Patterns 642
The Imperialist Moment 644
A Brief Overview of Imperialism 644
Causes of Imperialism 647
Network Dynamics 647
Hierarchy Dynamics 649
Cultural Dynamics 650
Images on the Screen: Imagining the Colonized 652
Tools of Dominance 653
Network Tools 654
Hierarchy Tools 656
Cultural Tools 657
Issues in Doing World History: Post-Colonial Theory 658
Imperial Interactions 659
Imperialist Hierarchies 659
Imperial Networks 664
Imperial Cultures 667
Conclusion 670
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
Imperialism: Reactions and Consequences 672
Introduction 673
FRAMING Imperialism: Reactions and Consequences 674
The Industrial Challenge 676
Network Challenges 676
Hierarchy Challenges 677
Issues in Doing World History: “Modern,” “Western,” Historical Processes 679
Cultural Challenges 679
Responding to Challenges: Case Studies 680
Traditionalist Resistance 680
Westernization 684
Modernization 689
Migrations and Identities 697
Migration 698
Cultural Identities 700
Images on the Screen: Moving Identities 701
Conclusion 702
PART VII.
Crises: 1914 to 1989
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
“The West” in Crisis, 1914 to 1937 706
Introduction 707
FRAMING “The West” in Crisis, 1914 to 1937 708
War and Society since Industrialization 710
The Changing Nature of War 710
The Widening Effects of War 712
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World War I 716
The Causes of the War 716
The Course of the War 720
Images on the Screen: Enemies on the Screen 725
Consequences of the War 726
Political Upheavals 728
Pre-War Revolutions 728
Ideology and Politics 730
Issues in Doing World History: Marxism and History 733
Conclusion 736
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
The World in Crisis, 1929 to 1945 738
Introduction 739
FRAMING: “The West” in Crisis, 1929 to 1945 740
The Growing Global Crisis 742
Network Crisis: The Great Depression 742
Crisis and Hierarchies 743
Crisis and Culture: Science 747
Images on the Screen: The Promise and Threat of Science 749
World War II 750
Causes 750
Analyzing the War 751
Military Developments 755
Ideology, Race, and War 759
Consequences of the War 763
Issues in Doing World History: World War II and Video Culture 765
Conclusion 766
Crisis Institutionalized and Transformed:
1945 to 1989 768
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
Introduction 769
FRAMING Crisis Institutionalized and Transformed: 1945 to 1989 770
The World of 1945 to 1989 772
The Global Network Recovers 772
Hierarchies Dividing the Network 773
Cultural Screens 775
Crisis Part III: The Cold War 776
Causes 776
Images on the Screen: Capitalism versus Communism 777
Issues in Doing World History: The Problem of Contemporary History 779
Asian Complications 779
Patterns 782
Détente, Dénouement 786
Transformations: Decolonization and Beyond 787
Causes 787
The Process of Decolonization 790
Post-Colonial Transitions 793
Conclusion 797
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PART VIII.
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Modernity: Since 1970
The Modern Global Network: Environment
and Economy since 1970 800
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
Introduction 801
FRAMING The Modern Global Network: Environment and Economy
since 1970 802
Environment 804
More People 804
The Next Revolution? 806
Issues and Constraints 806
Responses 815
Forecasting? 816
The Global Network 818
A Networked World 818
Images on the Screen: A Networked World 820
Network-Hierarchy Tension: The Corporate Sphere 823
Issues in Doing World History: The Textbook Industry 830
Conclusion 831
Modern Hierarchies: States, Societies,
and Conflicts since 1970 832
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
Introduction 833
FRAMING Modern Hierarchies: States, Societies, and Conflicts
since 1970 834
Hierarchies and the Network 836
The Global Political Network 836
Tension: Capitalism, Markets, and Borders 838
Images on the Screen: Global Villages 842
Hierarchy Cultures 843
Democracy 843
Nationalism Resurgent 846
Varieties of Modern Confl ict 853
Issues in Doing World History: Is a Global Perspective Possible? 854
Conventional Wars 854
Civil Wars 856
Civil Revolts 856
Failed States 859
Terrorism and War Paradigms 860
Responses to Conflict 862
Conclusion 862
Networked Frames and Screens:
Culture since 1970 864
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT
Introduction 865
FRAMING Networked Frames and Screens: Culture since 1970 866
Revisiting the Cognitive-Linguistic Revolution 868
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Dynamics of Culture 869
Culture, Capitalism, and Networks 869
Images on the Screen: Mosaic Projections 873
Culture and Languages 874
Issues in Doing World History: Languages, Knowledge, History 875
Identity 876
Making Identity 876
Applied Identity 878
Making Meaning 882
Communication and Community 882
Answering Big Questions 886
Consumerism 890
History and Meaning 892
Conclusion 892
Glossary G-1
Sourcebook Table of Contents SF-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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