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The Spread of Islam Map What are we learning about? Standards SS.912.W.3.1 Discuss significant people and beliefs associated with Islam SS.912.W.3.2 Compare the major beliefs and principles of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. SS.912.W.3.3 Determine the causes, effects, and extent of Islamic military expansion through Central Asia, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula. Question of the Day What is Islam and how is it similar/different from other major religions in History? Early Days of Islam • The Islamic faith was founded during the same era as the split in the Roman Christian Church and the conflicts it brought. • With the passage of time, and with increased conflict with both eastern and western Christians, this protective instinct grew stronger. • Islamic military conquest was attempted to convert Christians and Jews back to the “true” faith. • In the end, Islamic culture did not penetrate the west in the same way that Germanic culture did, but would remain strange as well as threatening to the West. Origins of Islam Islam • Religion founded in the 7th Century AD by Muhammad, an Arabian merchant from the city of Mecca. • At the time of its foundation Christianity had become the dominant faith of the Mediterranean and it's message was quickly spreading to other regions of the world via the major trade routes of the era. • Mecca was still tied to the traditional social and religious life of the Arabian world. • In other words, it was governed by the tribal societies of the desert. • Mecca was a city along these trade routes, and may have played a role in the flow of goods and ideas between the trade systems of the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean. • It should therefore come as no surprise that Islam would be heavily influenced by the traditions of Christianity and Judaism. Commonality of Religions Muhammad claimed that he was visited by an invisible angel called Gabriel, who passed on messages to him from God, therefore making him a Prophet. • the same character appears in the stories of Christians and Jews. Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are all considered important prophets in Islam, Muslims even claim that Abraham visited Mecca and established the Kaaba there. • There is no mention of this event in Christian and Judaic sources. • Muhammad believed that God had chosen him to be the last prophet. Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Christ. But Muhammad believed that Jesus was not the son of God. • The Jews and Christians, according to Muhammad, had strayed from the true faith, a faith which Muhammad believed he had had revealed to him by the previously mentioned angel Gabriel. • It was his task to convert them and bring them back to the true word. Faith Rejected • Despite the faith of his flock, Muhammad met with disappointment as he preached his religion at Mecca. Jews and Christians failed to convert. • His faith was totally rejected by the authorities at Mecca. It should be obvious that the merchants at Mecca would have objected to Muhammad's belief – actually a profession of faith – that men should be generous with their wealth. • The authorities tried to quiet Muhammad and so he left for the northern city of Medina (or “City of the Prophet”) in the year 622. The journey to Medina – the hijra (the "breaking of former ties") – became the true foundation of the Islamic faith. • The hijra also marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Medina & Mecca • At Medina, Muhammad created an Islamic community. • Besides the profession of faith, Muhammad also specified that at his community there would be strict rules governing diet; wine, gambling and usury were prohibited; he set up his own legal system; and prohibited infanticide. • After settling in Medina, his followers began to attack the caravans on their way to and from Mecca. • By 624 his army was powerful enough to conquer Mecca and make it the center of the new religion. • Muhammad triumphantly returned to Mecca in 630. Muhammad’s Beliefs • The basic beliefs of Muhammad's religion were: 1. That God is good and omnipotent. 2. That God will judge all men on the last day and assign them their place in either Heaven or Hell. 3. That men should thank God for making the world as it is. 4. That God expects men to be generous with their wealth. 5. That Muhammad was a prophet sent by God to teach men and warn them of the last judgment. Muhammad’s Obligations of Faith • For Muhammad, there were also 5 obligations which were essential to his faith: 1. The profession of faith – there is no God but Allah and Muhammad was the last prophet. 2. Prayers had to be uttered 5 times daily. 3. The giving of alms, or charity. 4. Fasting. 5. The pilgrimage to Mecca. • These laws are recorded in the Qur'an, a book which contains all of the revelations of Muhammad. • Like the Christianity believes in the Bible or Judaism believes in the Torah, those that follow Islam believe that the Qur’an is the direct and unchangeable word of God • Muslims, Christians and Jews all worship the same God according to the Qur’an, however, Muslims consider Jews and Christians “people of the book” but that Muhammad is the FINAL prophet and that he completes God’s Revelations. Sharia Law • Developed by Muslim Scholars • Interpreted from the Qur’an • Similar to Jewish law, it regulates • Moral conduct • Family life • Business practices • Government • Other aspects of individual/Community life • Does NOT separate religious from criminal/civil laws Impact of Islam on Women • Initially a tribal society, womens rights were limited • Could not inherit property • Had to obey male guardians • Unwanted daughters were killed at birth • Islam extended rights of women • • • • Affrimed their spiritual equality Qur’an prohibited the killing of daughters Granted them inheritance Allowed them to reject marriage offers • Still some inequality however • Women inherited less than men • Harder for them to get a divorce • Women must dress modestly and in some cases be “veiled” BELLWORK ON THE BOARD What are we learning about? Standards SS.912.W.3.1 Discuss significant people and beliefs associated with Islam SS.912.W.3.2 Compare the major beliefs and principles of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. SS.912.W.3.3 Determine the causes, effects, and extent of Islamic military expansion through Central Asia, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula. Jihad • In the early 7th century, Muhammad and successive caliphs, took up the Arabic custom of making raids against their enemies. The Qur'an called these raids the jihad ("striving in the way of the Lord"). • The followers of Islam used military force from the very beginning of their history, even during the life of Muhammad himself. Towns were brought under Islamic rule by conquest, and their main churches and temples were usually converted to mosques. • Christians and Jews were treated a little fairer than followers of other religions as they were considered Abrahamic Faiths and would be tolerated as long as they paid the Jizya, a special tax that Jews and Christians had to pay the Islamic state in order to practice their religion. Muhammad’s Death • Muhammad died in 632 and his death presented his followers with a series of profound problems. \ • He never claimed to be of divine origin yet his loyal followers saw no reason to separate religious and political authority. Submitting to the will of Allah was no different than submitting to the will of Muhammad. • Unfortunately, Muhammad never named a successor. Soon after his death, some of his followers selected Abu Bakr, a wealthy merchant and Muhammad's father-in-law as caliph, or temporal leader. Early Muslim Expansion • The Byzantines and Persians were the first to feel the pressure of Arab raids. At Yarmuk in 636, the Muslims defeated the Byzantine army. • Syria fell in 640. A decade later, the Muslims had conquered the entire Persian empire. Egypt, North Africa and Spain (with its center at Córdoba) were all conquered and under Muslim rule by the 720s. • In 732, a Muslim army was defeated at the Battle of Tours, and Muslim expansion in Europe came to an abrupt halt. Shiites & Sunnites • One of the main problems confronting the Islamic world was the choice of caliph. When Muhammad's son-in-law was assassinated, Muawiyah, a general, became caliph. • Muawiyah made the caliphate hereditary in his own family, thus creating the Umayyad dynasty. One of the first things Muawiyah did was to move the capital of the Muslim world from Medina to Damascus in Syria. • Internal dissension over the caliphate created a split in Islam between the Shiites, or those who accepted only the descendants of Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, as the true rulers, and the Sunnites, who claimed the descendants of the Umayyads were the true rulers. This split exists to this day. Islam’s Golden Age • In the 8th and 9th centuries, under the Abbasid caliphs, Islamic civilization entered a golden age. Arabic, Byzantine, Persian and Indian cultural traditions were integrated. • Muslim scholars preserved the heritage of Greek science and philosophy, they added to it by writing commentaries and glosses, thus adding to what eventually became the western intellectual tradition. • Throughout the Qur'an, one can find a strong emphasis on the value of knowledge in the Islamic faith. • The Qur'an encourages Muslims to learn and acquire knowledge. Because Muslims believe that Allah is all-knowing, they also believe that the human world's quest for knowledge leads to further knowing of Allah. • Economics Contributions of Islam • Merchants were well-respected (Muhammad was a merchant); from Mecca’s central location, Muslims put together vast trading networks along Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Maritime System • Muslim craftsmen were organized in guilds and demand for manufactured goods was high • Adoption of Indian numerals facilitated exchange • Banking innovations included the use of a forerunner to the modern bank check • Geography • The main achievements made in Geography is that by studying astronomy helped people learn how to use the stars to calculate the time and location. • They also used the cresent moon and stars as signs to represent religion among muslims. • They also were able to make precise maps. because of this people were able to travel around the world because they new were they were. • Arts • Muslim religious leaders forbade artists from depicting God or human figures in religious art, which led to calligraphy (the art of beautiful handwriting) and elaborate geometric patterns decorating mosques; also, flowering patterns and mosaics of glass and stone • Persian, Arab and Indian artists excelled at painting miniatures to illustrate books Literature • Literature • Arabs and Persians had a rich history of poetry and tales of adventure • Arab storytellers collected works from diverse sources; most famous was The Thousand and One Nights, a group of tales narrated by a fictional princess • Philosophy • Muslim scholars translated (and thereby preserved) the works of ancient Greek philosophers • Translated again into Latin, they later influenced scholastics in Europe • Science • Muslim mathematicians pioneered the study of Algebra. They introduced the number zero, and created two books; one for foundation for modern Algebra, and the other to explain the new number system • Muslim doctors made key medical advancements, including a way to surgically treat eye cataracts • Muslim scientists built on the work of Greek astronomers • Astronomy- The main achievements muslims made in astonomy were that the greeks invented the astrolobe to help figure out there location on earth. The muslim scientists also developed new methods in time keeping. Because of being able to tell where they were, the muslims could figure out what time it was, so they could pray at the right time and face Mecca. BELL WORK On a small piece of paper, write down one question you have about the Muslim civilization. When done put it at the center of your group. Question of the day: What were the significant contributions of the Muslim culture? STANDARD: SS.912.W.3.5 Describe the achievements, contributions, and key figures associated with the Islamic Golden Age. OBJECTIVE: Students will be able to name at least 3 contributions of the Muslim civilizations. Contributions of Islam • Economics • • • • Vast trading networks along Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Maritime System Trade Guilds and manufactured goods Exchange facilitated by adoption of Indian numerals Banking- Established earliest concept to the modern bank check • Geography • Using the stars to calculate the time and location. • Crescent moon and stars as signs to represent Islam among muslims. • Precise maps-people were able to travel around the world because they new were they were. • Arts • Depicting God or human figures in religious art is forbidden. • Calligraphy (the art of beautiful handwriting) • Patterns decorating mosques; Geometric and flowering patterns -mosaics of glass and stone • Illustration of books • Literature • Arabs / Persians -rich history of poetry and tales of adventure • Scheherazade- 1001 Arabian Nights • Philosophy • Muslim scholars translated (and thereby preserved) the works of ancient Greek philosophers • Translated again into Latin- Lead university scholastics in Europe • Science • Pioneered the creation and study of Algebra. • Introduced the number zero • Created two books • one for foundation for modern Algebra • one to explain the new number system • Muslim doctors- surgical treatment of eye cataracts • Astronomy- use of Greek astrolabe to help figure out there location on earth. • Muslim scientists - new methods in time keeping. Figured out how to tell when and where they were, so they could pray at the right time and face Mecca.