Download The Spread of Islam Map

The Spread of Islam Map
What are we learning about?
Standards
SS.912.W.3.1
Discuss significant people and beliefs associated with Islam
SS.912.W.3.2
Compare the major beliefs and principles of Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam.
SS.912.W.3.3
Determine the causes, effects, and extent of Islamic military expansion
through Central Asia, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula.
Question of the Day
What is Islam and how is it
similar/different from other
major religions in History?
Early Days of Islam
• The Islamic faith was founded during the
same era as the split in the Roman Christian
Church and the conflicts it brought.
• With the passage of time, and with increased
conflict with both eastern and western
Christians, this protective instinct grew
stronger.
• Islamic military conquest was attempted to
convert Christians and Jews back to the “true”
faith.
• In the end, Islamic culture did not penetrate
the west in the same way that Germanic
culture did, but would remain strange as well
as threatening to the West.
Origins of Islam
Islam
• Religion founded in the 7th Century AD by Muhammad,
an Arabian merchant from the city of Mecca.
• At the time of its foundation Christianity had become
the dominant faith of the Mediterranean and it's message
was quickly spreading to other regions of the world via
the major trade routes of the era.
• Mecca was still tied to the traditional social and religious
life of the Arabian world.
• In other words, it was governed by the tribal societies of
the desert.
• Mecca was a city along these trade routes, and may have
played a role in the flow of goods and ideas between the
trade systems of the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.
• It should therefore come as no surprise that Islam would
be heavily influenced by the traditions of Christianity and
Judaism.
Commonality of Religions
Muhammad claimed that he was visited by an invisible angel
called Gabriel, who passed on messages to him from God,
therefore making him a Prophet.
• the same character appears in the stories of Christians and Jews.
Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are all considered important
prophets in Islam, Muslims even claim that Abraham visited
Mecca and established the Kaaba there.
• There is no mention of this event in Christian and Judaic sources.
• Muhammad believed that God had chosen him to be the last
prophet. Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Christ. But Muhammad
believed that Jesus was not the son of God.
• The Jews and Christians, according to Muhammad, had
strayed from the true faith, a faith which Muhammad believed
he had had revealed to him by the previously mentioned angel
Gabriel.
• It was his task to convert them and bring them back to the true
word.
Faith Rejected
• Despite the faith of his flock, Muhammad met with
disappointment as he preached his religion at
Mecca. Jews and Christians failed to convert.
• His faith was totally rejected by the authorities at
Mecca. It should be obvious that the merchants at
Mecca would have objected to Muhammad's belief –
actually a profession of faith – that men should be
generous with their wealth.
• The authorities tried to quiet Muhammad and so he
left for the northern city of Medina (or “City of the
Prophet”) in the year 622. The journey to Medina –
the hijra (the "breaking of former ties") – became the
true foundation of the Islamic faith.
• The hijra also marks the beginning of the Islamic
calendar.
Medina & Mecca
• At Medina, Muhammad created an
Islamic community.
• Besides the profession of faith,
Muhammad also specified that at his
community there would be strict rules
governing diet; wine, gambling and
usury were prohibited; he set up his own
legal system; and prohibited infanticide.
• After settling in Medina, his followers
began to attack the caravans on their
way to and from Mecca.
• By 624 his army was powerful enough
to conquer Mecca and make it the
center of the new religion.
• Muhammad triumphantly returned to
Mecca in 630.
Muhammad’s Beliefs
• The basic beliefs of Muhammad's religion
were:
1. That God is good and omnipotent.
2. That God will judge all men on the
last day and assign them their place in
either Heaven or Hell.
3. That men should thank God for
making the world as it is.
4. That God expects men to be
generous with their wealth.
5. That Muhammad was a prophet sent
by God to teach men and warn them
of the last judgment.
Muhammad’s Obligations of Faith
• For Muhammad, there were also 5 obligations which
were essential to his faith:
1. The profession of faith – there is no God but
Allah and Muhammad was the last prophet.
2. Prayers had to be uttered 5 times daily.
3. The giving of alms, or charity.
4. Fasting.
5. The pilgrimage to Mecca.
• These laws are recorded in the Qur'an, a book which
contains all of the revelations of Muhammad.
• Like the Christianity believes in the Bible or Judaism
believes in the Torah, those that follow Islam believe
that the Qur’an is the direct and unchangeable word of
God
• Muslims, Christians and Jews all worship the same God
according to the Qur’an, however, Muslims consider
Jews and Christians “people of the book” but that
Muhammad is the FINAL prophet and that he
completes God’s Revelations.
Sharia Law
• Developed by Muslim Scholars
• Interpreted from the Qur’an
• Similar to Jewish law, it regulates
• Moral conduct
• Family life
• Business practices
• Government
• Other aspects of individual/Community life
• Does NOT separate religious from criminal/civil
laws
Impact of Islam on Women
• Initially a tribal society, womens rights were limited
• Could not inherit property
• Had to obey male guardians
• Unwanted daughters were killed at birth
• Islam extended rights of women
•
•
•
•
Affrimed their spiritual equality
Qur’an prohibited the killing of daughters
Granted them inheritance
Allowed them to reject marriage offers
• Still some inequality however
• Women inherited less than men
• Harder for them to get a divorce
• Women must dress modestly and in some cases be “veiled”
BELLWORK
ON THE BOARD
What are we learning about?
Standards
SS.912.W.3.1
Discuss significant people and beliefs associated with Islam
SS.912.W.3.2
Compare the major beliefs and principles of Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam.
SS.912.W.3.3
Determine the causes, effects, and extent of Islamic military expansion
through Central Asia, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula.
Jihad
• In the early 7th century, Muhammad and successive
caliphs, took up the Arabic custom of making raids
against their enemies. The Qur'an called these raids
the jihad ("striving in the way of the Lord").
• The followers of Islam used military force from the very
beginning of their history, even during the life of
Muhammad himself. Towns were brought under Islamic
rule by conquest, and their main churches and temples
were usually converted to mosques.
• Christians and Jews were treated a little fairer than
followers of other religions as they were
considered Abrahamic Faiths and would be tolerated as
long as they paid the Jizya, a special tax that Jews and
Christians had to pay the Islamic state in order to
practice their religion.
Muhammad’s Death
• Muhammad died in 632 and his death presented his followers
with a series of profound problems. \
• He never claimed to be of divine origin yet his loyal followers saw
no reason to separate religious and political authority. Submitting
to the will of Allah was no different than submitting to the will of
Muhammad.
• Unfortunately, Muhammad never named a successor. Soon after
his death, some of his followers selected Abu Bakr, a wealthy
merchant and Muhammad's father-in-law as caliph, or temporal
leader.
Early Muslim Expansion
• The Byzantines and Persians were the first to feel the pressure of
Arab raids. At Yarmuk in 636, the Muslims defeated the
Byzantine army.
• Syria fell in 640. A decade later, the Muslims had conquered the
entire Persian empire. Egypt, North Africa and Spain (with its
center at Córdoba) were all conquered and under Muslim rule by
the 720s.
• In 732, a Muslim army was defeated at the Battle of Tours, and
Muslim expansion in Europe came to an abrupt halt.
Shiites & Sunnites
• One of the main problems confronting the Islamic world was the
choice of caliph. When Muhammad's son-in-law was assassinated,
Muawiyah, a general, became caliph.
• Muawiyah made the caliphate hereditary in his own family, thus
creating the Umayyad dynasty. One of the first things Muawiyah
did was to move the capital of the Muslim world from Medina to
Damascus in Syria.
• Internal dissension over the caliphate created a split in Islam
between the Shiites, or those who accepted only the descendants
of Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, as the true rulers, and the
Sunnites, who claimed the descendants of the Umayyads were the
true rulers. This split exists to this day.
Islam’s Golden Age
• In the 8th and 9th centuries, under the Abbasid caliphs, Islamic
civilization entered a golden age. Arabic, Byzantine, Persian and
Indian cultural traditions were integrated.
• Muslim scholars preserved the heritage of Greek science and
philosophy, they added to it by writing commentaries and glosses,
thus adding to what eventually became the western intellectual
tradition.
• Throughout the Qur'an, one can find a strong emphasis on the
value of knowledge in the Islamic faith.
• The Qur'an encourages Muslims to learn and acquire knowledge.
Because Muslims believe that Allah is all-knowing, they also
believe that the human world's quest for knowledge leads to
further knowing of Allah.
• Economics
Contributions of Islam
• Merchants were well-respected (Muhammad was a merchant); from Mecca’s central
location, Muslims put together vast trading networks along Silk Roads and Indian
Ocean Maritime System
• Muslim craftsmen were organized in guilds and demand for manufactured goods was
high
• Adoption of Indian numerals facilitated exchange
• Banking innovations included the use of a forerunner to the modern bank check
• Geography
• The main achievements made in Geography is that by studying astronomy helped
people learn how to use the stars to calculate the time and location.
• They also used the cresent moon and stars as signs to represent religion among
muslims.
• They also were able to make precise maps. because of this people were able to travel
around the world because they new were they were.
• Arts
• Muslim religious leaders forbade artists from depicting God or human figures in
religious art, which led to calligraphy (the art of beautiful handwriting) and elaborate
geometric patterns decorating mosques; also, flowering patterns and mosaics of
glass and stone
• Persian, Arab and Indian artists excelled at painting miniatures to illustrate books
Literature
• Literature
• Arabs and Persians had a rich history of poetry and tales of adventure
• Arab storytellers collected works from diverse sources; most famous was The
Thousand and One Nights, a group of tales narrated by a fictional princess
• Philosophy
• Muslim scholars translated (and thereby preserved) the works of ancient Greek
philosophers
• Translated again into Latin, they later influenced scholastics in Europe
• Science
• Muslim mathematicians pioneered the study of Algebra. They introduced the number
zero, and created two books; one for foundation for modern Algebra, and the other
to explain the new number system
• Muslim doctors made key medical advancements, including a way to surgically treat
eye cataracts
• Muslim scientists built on the work of Greek astronomers
• Astronomy- The main achievements muslims made in astonomy were that the
greeks invented the astrolobe to help figure out there location on earth. The muslim
scientists also developed new methods in time keeping. Because of being able to tell
where they were, the muslims could figure out what time it was, so they could pray
at the right time and face Mecca.
BELL WORK
On a small piece of paper, write
down one question you have
about the Muslim civilization.
When done put it at the center of your group.
Question of the day:
What were the significant contributions of the
Muslim culture?
STANDARD:
SS.912.W.3.5
Describe the achievements, contributions, and key figures associated
with the Islamic Golden Age.
OBJECTIVE:
Students will be able to name at least 3 contributions of the Muslim
civilizations.
Contributions of Islam
• Economics
•
•
•
•
Vast trading networks along Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Maritime System
Trade Guilds and manufactured goods
Exchange facilitated by adoption of Indian numerals
Banking- Established earliest concept to the modern bank check
• Geography
• Using the stars to calculate the time and location.
• Crescent moon and stars as signs to represent Islam among muslims.
• Precise maps-people were able to travel around the world because they new
were they were.
• Arts
• Depicting God or human figures in religious art is forbidden.
• Calligraphy (the art of beautiful handwriting)
• Patterns decorating mosques; Geometric and flowering patterns -mosaics of
glass and stone
• Illustration of books
• Literature
• Arabs / Persians -rich history of poetry and tales of adventure
• Scheherazade- 1001 Arabian Nights
• Philosophy
• Muslim scholars translated (and thereby preserved) the works of ancient
Greek philosophers
• Translated again into Latin- Lead university scholastics in Europe
• Science
• Pioneered the creation and study of Algebra.
• Introduced the number zero
• Created two books
• one for foundation for modern Algebra
• one to explain the new number system
• Muslim doctors- surgical treatment of eye cataracts
• Astronomy- use of Greek astrolabe to help figure out there location on earth.
• Muslim scientists - new methods in time keeping. Figured out how to tell
when and where they were, so they could pray at the right time and face
Mecca.