Download notes war of 1812

Cornell Notes Topic: War of 1812 Key Terms & People: Impressment Embargo Act of 1807 Tecumseh War Hawk Andrew Jackson Battle of New Orleans Main Ideas: Introduction Tensions between Britain and the United States continue British practice of kidnapping American sailors to work on British ships. Law passed by Congress which forbid American ships to sail into foreign ports, and closed American ports to British ships. Shawnee chief who united Native American tribes to fight the white settlers in Ohio and Indiana. Any western leader wanted to go to war against Britain to stop British aid to Native Americans and force the British out of Canada. American General and North Carolinian who defeated British Redcoats at the Battle of New Orleans. Battle that made Andrew Jackson a hero, but was unnecessary due to the delayed news of the Treaty of Ghent being signed, which ended the War of 1812. When Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801, his goal was to keep the United States separated from other nations and their problems. This turned out to be unrealistic. Relations had remained tense between and the United States remained tense after the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the American Revolution. War between Britain and France affects the United States Trade as a weapon American states did not return property taken from Loyalists. The British did not give up their forts in the Appalachian Mountains as they had agreed to do. From their forts and from Canada, the British maintained trading relations with the Native Americans. American settlers resented and feared this trade. As a result of the French Revolution (1793­1814) Britain and France were almost constantly at war. Neither Britain nor France wanted the United States to supply food or other supplies to their enemy. 1805­ Britain established a blockade on American ships trading with France. The French responded by declaring a blockade against American ships dealing with Britain. Britain interfered with U.S. trade through impressment​
­ kidnapping American sailors to work on British ships. Americans called for war to stop these abuses. Instead of declaring war, President Jefferson stopped all foreign trade. December 1807 ­ Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807​
which forbid American ships from sailing into foreign ports, and closed American ports to British ships. Jefferson’s policy hurt Americans more than the British or French. Farmers lost important markets for their crops, ship owners lost income. Many American chose to violate (ignore) the embargo. Congress finally Tecumseh and Native American Unity War Hawks repealed the law, but Americans remained angry. Americans were angry about British actions in the Northwest Territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. As white settlers moved into Ohio and Indiana, a Shawnee Chief named Tecumseh united Native American tribes to fight against white settlers. Many settlers believed this was due to British influencing the Native American resistance. Tecumseh declared agreements between settlers and some Indian tribes who were willing to sell their land meaningless. November 1811 ­ William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe which led to Tecumseh and his followers fleeing to Canada where they were welcomed by the British. Americans were angered that the British and Tecumseh were allies. Western leaders demanded war against Britain and were known as War Hawks. They wanted to stop all British aid to the Native Americans, and for the British to get out of Canada. Americans were also angry because of British violations at sea. Andrew Jackson said was necessary to protect maritime citizens impressed on board British ships of war as well as to open a way to markets for American products overseas. War with Britain Begins The Battle of New Orleans June 18, 1812 ­ Congress declares war on the British. During the first two years of the war, British paid little attention to the war. They were focused on fighting Napoleon’s French Empire in Europe. 1814 ­ British defeated Napoleon and focused on war with America. August 1814 ­ British captured Washington D.C. President James Madison avoided capture by fleeing. His wife Dolly Madison insisted on staying until the last minute to save important historical objects from the White House. The British burned the White House and the Capitol then moved their forces north to Baltimore, Maryland where they were defeated by the Americans at the Battle of Fort Henry. September 1814 ­ British forces sent from Canada tried to cut off New England and were defeated by American forces at the Battle of Lake Champlain. December 1814 ­ The British moved against the strategic port of New Orleans. January 8, 1815 ­ American forces, led by General Andrew Jackson, defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans. The British had heavy losses, with 2,000 casualties. The American’s experienced 71 casualties. The battle made Andrew Jackson a war hero, but ultimately it was unnecessary. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed two weeks earlier ending the war. Slow mail from Europe had delayed the news. Consequences of War There was no clear winner in the War of 1812. No territories changed hands. Trade disputes remained unsettled. Heroic actions of North Carolinians’ like DOlly Madison and Andrew Jackson inspired Americans and boosted feelings of patriotism. There were important long term effects of the War of 1812. There were growing regional differences among the states. Many New Englanders opposed war with Britain because most of their trade was with England. New England delegates met in Hartford, Connecticut to call for an end to war. They threatened to secede (leave) the Union and make a separate peace with Britain. American forces in the West and South finally broke the power of Native Americans during the war which allowed for future expansion in the West and South. There were long­term economic consequences from the war. American trade with Europe was disrupted. As a result, Americans began to make many of the goods they had bought from overseas. This caused the growth of manufacturing in the United States. As a result of the War of 1812, the United States had a growing economy, new territory for expansion, a greater sense of national pride and was stronger than ever.