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The Age of the New Imperialism
(1800-1914)
• Industrialization stirred European ambitions to go
out into the world and find more resources to fuel
their economies.
• Europeans would compete for new markets to sell
their goods and aggressively carve up regions like
Africa and Asia to accomplish their plans.
• As trading posts expanded into full-scale land
grabbing, the world was completely divided up around
the “superior Europeans” without any consideration
for the “inferior races.”
• Racism, greed exploration and the missionary
impulse all contributed to the colonizing of the world
The Industrial Revolution was
the driving force behind the
philosophy of imperialism
They also had to find markets
for their finished products
Why?
In order to keep
profits and
production as
high as possible
The Difference:
Old Imperialism
15th and 16th centuries
o Trade Routes and
wealth
oCatholic priests spread
Christianity
oMilitary conquest of
peoples
oForced labor for Spain
o France had trading
posts
oEnglish had some
permanent colonies
New Imperialism
19th century
Raw materials for
Industrial Revolution
Racism
Missionary
movements to
evangelize
Large colonies
Spheres of influence
Protectorates and
control by private
business
After the 1870s the United States and
European nations began to divide under
developed countries around the world into
spheres of influence.
An area in which an outside
power claimed exclusive
investment or trading
privileges
As the factory system became
more established and
successful, nations had to look
outside of their own boundaries
to find raw materials to feed the
factories
What needs caused the U.S. and the European nations to seek new
territories?
Causes for Imperialism & to seek new territories:
1.) Economic Interests
a.) More raw materials for their factories!
Tungsten
for steel
Coal to run factories
b.) New markets to sell their manufactured goods.
2.) Nationalism & Social Darwinism:
• a.) European nations wanted to demonstrate their
power and prestige to the world: the bigger the empire
the more power and prestige!!!
The race was on!
• b.) Social Darwinism (racism) : Europeans believed
that they were members of a superior race and that it
was their right to colonize the “lesser” peoples of the
world: simply nature’s way of improving the human
species!
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3.) Missionary Reasons:
•
a.) Believed they had the duty to spread what they
saw as the blessings of western civilization:
medicine, law, education, and Christian religion.
•
b.) White Man's Burden: The Europeans’ sense of
superiority made them feel obligated to “civilize the
heathen savages” of the non-industrialized nations.
The White Man’s Burden:
Each industrialized nation believed its civilization and culture to
be the best and it needed to be taken to the non-industrialized
people of the world.
The belief is called: Extreme Nationalism!
4.) Political and Military Interests:
• a.) Needed harbors for ships and naval vessels
• b.) Balance of Power: Colonies needed for national security.
European nations were forced to acquire new colonies to
achieve a balance with their neighbors and competitors.
The Relationship between Industrialism and Imperialism:
Industrialism
began the practice of Imperialism:
• What is Imperialism?
• “a policy of gaining control over
underdeveloped countries for the
purpose of getting access to rich, raw
materials and markets for manufactured
goods.”
• Which in turn, produces the establishing of
colonies and extending the rule of one
country over other countries.
…more reasons:
Factories needed
protection!
Imperialism
What were the reasons?
The capitalists
So, the U.S. and Europe:
Wanted to
invest their
So, what did they do?
To build
Built naval and military bases
Capital
Thanks to the Industrial Revolution many
advancements in weapons were made!
factories
overseas
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Imperialism in Africa
So, now that industrialized nations have well protected
factories who is going to work in them?
In 1841 David Livingstone, a Scottish doctor and missionary went
to Africa. He sent detailed reports of his observations and
discoveries back to England until he lost contact in the late 1860s.
who can these
capitalists get to
work?
To make the most:
A New York newspaper hired a journalist named Henry Stanley
to try and find him
It took him almost two years, but his search was in newspapers
throughout the world and reawakened European interest in
Africa
Europeans believed that if a culture was
different from theirs it was backward.
They believed that Africa need to be
saved and civilized by Christian
missionaries and modern technology.
WHAT DO THEY NEED?
And, of course, many Europeans wanted
to exploit Africa for profit.
Natives for Cheap Labor!
What could the Europeans exploit the African continent for?
Causes:
• 1.) Renewed interest because of explorers
and missionaries!
• They felt the need to westernize and
convert the “backwards” Africans.
2.) Money &
Resources!!!
• The
Europeans
took:
copper
Ivory
Rubber
slaves
Diamonds
From 1875 to 1914, European nations took control of
almost 90% of Africa.
Gold
Europeans forced tribal members to mine metal and harvest crops for
them. They also exploited the wildlife that had been a primary food source
for the tribes
Great Britain
France
Germany
Italy
Portugal
More and more Europeans came to settle in Africa
Spain
Carved up spheres of
Influence.
HOW?
Modern Weapons, the native populations were powerless to
prevent the takeover of their land.
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Europeans carve up Africa:
France:
In 1830 they defeated the Muslim
tribes in North Africa and gained
control of Algeria.
Great Britain:
The British took over South Africa from the
Dutch in 1815.
By the 1800’s, the French had
the largest European empire
in Africa.
The French did end up
clashing with other
European nations over the
control of African
territory.
Cape Town: This became a major supply
base for British ships sailing to India.
In 1875 Britain bought control of the Suez Canal from Egypt.
The route saved time, and therefore money, for British ships
sailing to India.
Cecil Rhodes, a British
Empire builder in
Africa, encouraged his
country to establish an
unbroken north-south
line of British territory
to be linked by a Capeto Cairo railroad.
This canal was known as the “lifeline of the British Empire”.
By 1914 the
British Empire
in Africa
included:
South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Kenya, Uganda, Egypt,
Sudan, Tanzania
Egypt becomes a British Protectorate
Germany:
Belgium
Germany wasn’t
unified until 1871, so
they were late in
colonizing Africa.
They did not enter
the race for colonies
in Africa until the
turn of the century.
In 1876 King Leopold II of
Belgium and wealthy Belgian
investors sent agents to
control Congo in central
Africa, to claim its rich
natural resources.
By 1914 Germany controlled several
African colonies. They were widely
spread throughout Africa.
Although Germany’s territories in Africa
were not as large as Britain’s and France’s,
many European countries started to worry
about Germany’s growing military strength.
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Portugal:
Carved out
large colonies
in Angola and
Mozambique
Spain:
Spanish
Morocco and
Rio de Oro
on the
Atlantic
Coast.
The Berlin Conference:
Italy:
•
European countries raced one another to establish colonies in Africa. As a
result:
Conflicts and rivalries led to tensions among:
Britain, Germany, and France
European powers held an international conference in
Berlin, Germany in 1884 to ease this crisis and avoid
war.
By 1914, Eritrea,
Italian
Somaliland, and
Libya.
Of course, no Africans were present…they did not
receive an invitation!
Results of the Berlin Conference:
#1) Belgium held on to private claims to Congo, but
there was free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers.
#2) to claim a part of Africa, a country would have to 1st
establish a government there.
#3) led to a race to carve out their claims and establish
new boarders and redraw the map of Africa with no
regard for the natives.
Sadly, because the European colonists in Africa had
such strong feelings of nationalism for their native
homeland, and in spite of the conference…
…armed conflicts did break
out.
The most destructive of all
these conflicts was the Boer
War, fought between Britain
and Dutch settlers (Boers) in
South Africa.
•Cause:
Cause:
•Over
Over the discovery of gold and diamonds in Boer lands
•Lasted 3 years (1899-1902)
•Bitter guerrilla fighting
•British won at a high cost
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Results:
• In 1910, the British
united the Cape colony
and the former Boer
republics into the Union
of South Africa
•Set
Set up a government run by the
British and laid the foundation for
a system of complete racial
segregation that would remain in
force until 1993
It revealed to the world that
European imperialist hunger for
land and resources was costing
Europeans a higher price than
expected.
Africans Resist Imperialism:
•
The Algerians battled the French for years.
The British
battled the Zulus
in southern
Africa
Asante in
West
Africa:
Ethiopia
Survives!
The Yao and
Herero fought the
Germans:
The Yao in Malawi
A reforming ruler, Menelik II,
began to modernize his country.
In the late 1800’s, he hired European experts to plan modern
roads and bridges and set up a western school system
He imported the latest weapons and European officers
to help train his army.
The Herero
in Namibia
When the Italians invaded in 1896, Menelik was
prepared!
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Battle of Adowa:
Impact of Colonial Rule
The Ethiopians
smashed the
Italian
invaders!
(Ethiopia won)
Colonial rule was almost a complete catastrophe for the people of Africa
Native rulers were no longer able to govern their people
Artificial boundaries were drawn that combined rival ethnic groups
Men were forced to leave their homes to work for the Europeans
Famines occurred/starvation because European
Farms grew mostly cash crops.
Ethiopia was
the only
African
nation, aside
from Liberia,
to preserve its
independence.
People were taken hostage, whipped, maimed and killed
Thousands of Africans died from
Resistance throughout Africa would eventually
lead to many countries gaining their independence
in the future.
There were actually a few good results from the European occupation
sanitation
hospitals
Small pox
In the early 1800s the Ottoman Empire was robust
schools
Literacy rates and life spans
increased in the general
population.
railroads
The Ottoman
Empire: based in
modern Turkey.
• The many different ethnic groups within the empire
caused unrest and tensions and led to the decline of
the empire in the mid 1800’s.
• Corruption and theft caused financial chaos
• Nationalism lead to revolutions within the Empire:
• Greece won its independence in 1830
They Controlled: Eastern
Europe
• Serbia won the right to govern itself
North Africa
Southwest Asia
•
The European nations began to drool over all the
possibilities. Who would get there first?
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Russia wanted to control the Bosporus and the Dardanelles and The Black
Sea…for obvious reasons
Little by little the Ottoman Empire began to
fall apart. The Balkans rebelled and
Romania, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina
and Bulgaria became independent or under
Russian influence.
The Ottoman Empire also lost land in
Africa. By WWI, the empire was tiny!
The 1st
European
Country to
extend its
influence
within the
Ottoman
territory
Great Britain gained control of many
key territories. There was the Suez
Canal, the military importance
and…oil.
As the Persian
Empire broke
down, Great
Britain and Russia
moved in to
establish spheres
of influence
The Crimean War started when
Great Britain and France
decided to stop Russia’s plans
for expansion –
Russia lost
Imperialism in
India:
How?
#1) Exploiting Indian Diversity:
British East India
Company Controls
India!
As Mughal power crumbled, India
fragmented. Indians different
traditions and dozens of different
languages were not able to unite
against the new comers. The
British took advantage by
encourage competition and
disunity among rival princes.
IN the early 1600’s, the British East India Company won trading
rights on the fringe of the Mughal empire. As mughal power
declined, the company’s empire grew.
Where
British
diplomacy
and
intrigue
did not
work,
By 1757 the British East India Company was the leading power in
India.
Why did they want India?
MONEY &
resources !
Jute
tea
Missionaries tried to convert Indians to
Christianity, which they felt were far
superior to Indian religions.
#2) Superior
Weapons
overpowered local
rulers!
British East India Company Influences on Indian life:
#1)Built roads, railroads, hospitals, and schools.
Introduced western legal procedures and set up a
democratic government
#2) Worked to end
slavery and the caste
system
Improve the position of women within the family.
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The Sepoy Rebellion:
#1) sepoys had to serve overseas. For high-caste
Hindus, however, overseas travel was an offense against
their religion.
#2) passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry
Causes:
The requirement to go against their religion was the immediate
cause of the revolt.
The Sepoy Rebellion spread across northern and
central India, but the Indians could not unite against
the British because of weak leadership and
disagreements between the Hindus and the Muslims.
Hindus viewed both moves as a
Christian conspiracy to
undermine their beliefs.
#3) In 1857, Sepoys had to bite off tips of cartridges
greased with animal fat to load them into new rifles issued
by the British.
Cows were
sacred!
Pigs
forbidden!
Effects of the Sepoy Rebellion:
Left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both
sides.
It also brought on changes in British policy:
#1) The British government assumed direct control of India
Ended the rule of the East India Company and set up colonial rule
The British crushed the revolt and took terrible revenge by
torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed
Indians.
Indian Nationalism:
•Indians began to demand a greater role in governing themselves.
•An Indian nationalist movement began.
•Indian nationalists formed two nationalist groups:
•1.) The Indian National Congress (Congress
Party) in 1885:
•Believed in peaceful protest
#2) It sent more troops to India, taxing the Indians to
pay the cost of these occupying forces
Queen
Victoria
became
Empress of
India.
2.) The Muslim League in 1906.
• At first worked with the Congress party, than grew to resent the Hindu’s
growing power…
• Also, worried that a Hindu-run government would oppress the Muslims.
• Soon, they talked about their own separate country
• In the early 1900s, both groups worked towards an Indian
Two Groups, Two voices:
• The struggle for independence in India was a
long and hard road.
• Though most Indians believed in gaining
independence from the British, they did not
agree on how to achieve this.
• They also differed on the future design of India.
• By The end of the struggle in the 1940’s, two
leaders emerged as the main voices of what
became the two major groups seeking
independence in India.
independence that would not come until1947.
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Mohandas Gandhi
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Leader of the Hindus
leader of the Muslims
Educated as a lawyer in
England
Educated as a lawyer in
England
Indian nationalist
Indian nationalist
Believed in non-violent
protest
Believed in violent revolt if
necessary
Believed in brotherhood
for all Indians
Eventually demanded separate
country
Played a major role in
securing India’s
independence
Become first leader of
Pakistan
Division In India:
• Divisions between the two
parties created a divided
India.
• 1947: 1.) India gained
Independence
• Also, 2.) India was divided
into the country of
Pakistan
• Division caused riots and
chaos as people tried to
move to the new countries
created.
• Over one million people
died during this time of
change
The Opium War in China
The superior military of
Great Britain defeated the
Chinese
The Europeans had traded with the Chinese people since the 13th
century.
British merchants
developed a
profitable trade by
bringing in the habitforming drug opium
from India and
selling opium in
China.
In 1842 in a treaty that ended the Opium War:
* The
1.) open the door to European
trade on a large scale.
The Chinese government tried to stop the
opium trade. As a result of this conflict,
war broke out between Great Britain and
China. The Opium War, as it was called, lasted
from 1839 to 1842.
British citizens living inside of China
were governed by British law, not
Chinese law…
• …extraterritoriality!
2.) allow the British to practice extraterritoriality
inside their country!
The British
were not
alone for
long with
their trade
treaties in
China!
Chinese were forced to:
give the island of Hong Kong to
the British.
Foreign Influence Expands in China:
• In the 1850’s the Chinese tried to rebel against foreigners
How were these
outside powers
Modern
able to defeat the
weapons!
Chinese so easily?
Japan
What did Industrialized nations
have that the underdeveloped
countries didn’t?
U.S.
European
nations
Foreigners
used their
modern
weapons to
take advantage
of the Chinese!
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China was carved up into Spheres of
Influence:
Russia
Germany
Britain
France
The United States did not gain its
own spheres…
…fearing that they would lose trade rights
and benefits in China:
IN 1899 President McKinley argued that there should be an
Open Door Policy.
Europeans agreed to the U.S.’s suggestion of an Open Door
Policy that would allow any country to trade with China.
This policy increased competition for trade
between countries.
Japan
The most famous secret group was
the Harmonious Fists (Boxers)
Nationalism grows in China:
Westerners watching them train in
martial arts dubbed them as Boxers.
• Even though European countries controlled most of China’s
largest cities, China was still considered a free country!
How do you think the Chinese felt about the Foreigners in
their country?
In 1900 the
Boxers Rebelled!
The Boxers
surrounded the
European sections
of cities for
months
Secret Societies pledged to
get rid of these
A foreign army made up of troops from eight countries:
Imperialism in Japan
Great Britain
France
Germany
Austria
Italy
Russia
Japan
United States:
defeated the Chinese Boxers in the Boxer Rebellion.
The Chinese government
had to pay a large fine and
give up what little power it
still had left.
However, the Boxer
Rebellion was the beginning
of a movement that led to
the modern Chinese state.
In 1853-1854 the United States sent Navy Commander
Matthew Perry to Japan.
Perry demand Japan to open its ports to trade. At this point, Japan
was not industrialized! Japan was weak,
By 1860 Japan granted trade and extraterritorial rights to
many foreign nations
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Westernization in Japan:
Japanese rulers believed that their country needed to modernize
their social and political systems in order to survive the arrival
of the West.
To accomplish this goal, Japanese leaders began the
westernization of Japan.
More changes:
The emperor began a series of reforms, which lead to:
Complete destruction of feudalism in 1877
#2) Japan gave people the right to attend schools
and choose their occupations. This helped them catch
up with Western nations in technology and wealth.
Changes towards Westernization:
#1)
Feudal
society
(ruled by
warlords
)
Changed
to:
Society ruled directly by
the emperor.
#3) invited foreign experts to help modernize Japan
By 1900 Japan was rapidly becoming the 1st Asian
nation to industrialize!
Reasons behind Japan becoming an
Imperialistic country:
#1) Japan felt threatened by the foreign imperialist expansion in Asia.
Spurred on by Nationalism and the strong ambition to
equal the West
#2)
they also had economic needs to
build and expand their empire.
Where do you think the Japanese government might have gone
first to try their hand at becoming an imperialistic country?
Sino-Japanese War:
(1894-1895)
• Between China and the Japan
• Japan won easily…
• …because of their modernization.
• What did Japan gain?
Japan annexed Taiwan:
Thus joining
the West in
the race for
empire!
1894 Japan sends their modern
army and navy to China!
Russo-Japanese War:
• Ten years later (1904-1905), Japan successfully challenged Russia
for :
Korea
China
In 1904, the Japanese navy
attacked
the Russians at Port Arthur.
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During the war the Japanese nearly destroyed the
Russian’s entire Pacific Ocean navy.
• Results of Japanese Victory:
The Russians forced to agree to the 1905
Treaty of Portsmouth:
#1) Japan gained control of Korea, most of Russian
territory in China, and
Port Arthur:
(a valuable harbor that gave Japan easy access to the
Asian mainland.)
#2) Making History:
History for the 1st time in modern
history, an Asian country had defeated a European
country.
Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific:
#2) Cash crops and mineral resources:
Why?
#1)
Ships could refuel on
all the different islands
Indigo
coffee
Rice
They could also
replace food and
water supplies
Rubber
oil
Tin
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Foreign Nations that colonized:
As western nations started to build up navel forces,
these island became:
The Dutch East Indies (today known as
Indonesia) were rich in resources like tin and
oil and rubber. The French took over Southeast
Asia which eventually was known as French
Indochina. French Indochina was based on
cash crops like rice or the valuable resources
of rubber and tin that could be sold on the
world market for profit.
In Singapore, the British established a major
trading port. Great Britain, with its powerful
navy, was also able to take possession of
Australia, New Zealand, and all of the Fiji
Islands.
#3) valuable places to set up bases.
The Samoan Islands
went to Germany
and the U.S.
American Samoa
included the
important navel base
at Pago Pago.
At these bases, military ships could have repairs made
and ammunition replenished.
Siam Survives(present day Thailand):
Thailand) between
British-ruled Burma and French Indochina
• King Mongkut:
studied foreign
languages, and
modern science
and math
By, 1900 guaranteed
independence
Modernized!
Reformed government
Modernized army
Hired western expert to
train Thais in new
technology
• Abolished slavery
• Gave women some rights
• Britain and France saw
making Siam a buffer an
advantage
•
•
•
•
As a result of the Spanish-American War 1898, the
U.S. acquired:
•Philippine Islands:
•(Providing the U.S.
•with a base for trade
• with China)
Remember, the United
States was just as
imperialistic as the other
European powers.
Wealthy sugar planters from the United
States had gained political control in Hawaii
and wanted the islands to be annexed by the
United States. Why do you suppose they
wanted this?
In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani took the
throne of Hawaii.
Puerto Rico
She wanted to reduce foreign
influence
Guam
Sanford B Dole, a wealthy plantation owner, had
other ideas. In 1893 he helped overthrow the
queen and five years later the U.S. annexed
Hawaii. (1898)
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Imperialism In Latin America:
Western nations, particularly the U.S., invested in and
set up businesses in Latin America.
Foreigners, with the aid of local governments,
developed :
Why?
Money to be made and valuable resources.
silver
oil
factories
mines
railroads
copper
Gold
plantations
ports
Latin America was controlled by the
United States, not so much through
military might
Conflict over Cuba leads to the Spanish-American War
In 1898 the U.S. sent the battleship
USS Maine to Havana harbor to
protect American citizens
By exercising absolute
financial control, the
United States companies
were able to also control
the policies of the local
governments.
But through
Financial might
When the ship mysteriously blew up,
the U.S. blamed Spain
Spanish control over Cuba was ruthless.
American newspapers printed sympathetic
articles urging Cuban independence…not
to mention the abundance of raw materials
that were greedily eyed by American
planters
Encouraged by
American newspapers,
the U.S. declared war
on Spain and in one
year it was over
Results: The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Philippine
Islands, and Guam…Spain left Cuba.
And let’s not forget how we got the
Panama Canal
By asking nicely?
Not quite!
In 1903 President Roosevelt
offered Columbia $10 million dollars for the
right to build the canal.
So Roosevelt encourage a revolt in
Panama, recognized the new country as an
American protectorate and immediately cut
a deal with them.
In order to protect American
military and financial
interests in Latin America
the president proclaimed
the Roosevelt Corollary
which gave America the
right of police power in the
Western Hemisphere
Why?
The Panama Canal
The U.S. had interests and possessions in
different parts of the world.
U.S. needed to develop a strong navy and was
separated by:
Latin America!
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The Roosevelt Corollary:
Pres. Theodore Roosevelt wanted to increase U.S.
influence and power around the world:
In 1903, the U.S. encourage the Panamanians to revolt
Panama gained independence from
Colombia.
Once the U.S. built the Panama
Canal, it had to protect it. If a
European nation gained control
of nearby waterways or land, it
could cut the U.S. off from the
canal.
To protect American
investments in the early
1900’s the U.S. issued the
Roosevelt Corollary:
1.) 1904, it amended the
Monroe Doctrine
Panama gave the U.S. the land in which to build the
canal and they became a protectorate.
2.) It gave the U.S. the right of police power in the
Western Hemisphere.
It was used to justify
American intervention in
Latin America many
times!
Pres. T. Roosevelt wanted
the U.S. to become a
World Power and
increase U.S. influence
The U.S. sent troops to Nicaragua, Honduras, and the
Dominican Republic.
In Haiti, the U.S. stopped a rebellion in 1915, and stayed
for 20 years.
Imperialism: Abuses and Benefits
Benefits??
Improved transportation and communication
Workers became trained in new agricultural practices
Schools, hospitals and sanitation projects were constructed
Abuses
The abuses really are too numerous to mention, but we’ll focus on a few
Wealth was drained from the colonies
Mineral and agricultural production was emphasized at the cost of a well
balanced economy
Fostered the belief that colonial people were inferior in lifestyles and beliefs
Native workers were treated horribly
Diseases were introduced that killed thousands of people
Armed conflict erupted at the cost of thousands of lives
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