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SOCIAL SCIENCE development issues LEARNER GUIDE - (South A frica and the world) including indicators of development KEY CONCEPTS GR 9 • www.dsd.gov.za • www.population.gov.za GR 11 CHIEF DIRECTORATE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT www.population.co.za Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA COPYRIGHT© 2014, Department of Social Development, Pretoria, South Africa For further information: Chief Directorate Population and Development Department of Social Development Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001 SOUTH AFRICA www.population.co.za Tel: 012 312 7769/ 7410 Fax: 012 312 7710/ 312 7932 Email: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] This publication is intended to support learning about population and development in the school curriculum and may be copied/downloaded and distributed as required. Permission should be obtained from the copyright holder for any changes to the format or content of this publication. Distribution for remuneration is not permitted. COPYRIGHT© 2014, Department of Social Development, Pretoria, South Africa 1 Department of Social Development Population Support material SOCIAL SCIENCE development issues GR 9 GR 11 Development A country is said to have developed when, over a period of time, it displays a rise in its economy and subsequently an improved standard of living and quality of life for its people. LEDC - rural rural people see development as an improved quality of life with access to water, electricity, education and health care. LEDC - urban urban dwellers in a developing country want employment opportunities, housing, reliable infrastructure, welfare services and a system that recognises human rights. POOR IMPROVED POOR IMPROVED Types of development Economic Development Involves the accumulation of wealth and improved living standards. Social and Political Development Where people are cared for - they have medical assistance and education, are aware of their human rights, they are justly treated, there is equal opportunity for all and political freedom Environmental Development When a country is concerned with generating energy and building dams without compromising large tracts of land set aside for conservation and national parks. Appropriate Development Development must suit the needs and abilities of the people in a specific region. A large power station built by a donor country, when a country is not industrialized, would not be appropriate. development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development Department of Social Development 2 Population Support material SOCIAL SCIENCE development issues GR 9 GR 11 Ways in which one can measure development GDP (Gross Domestic Product) the total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year. GDP per capita (per person) an average income earned by people in a country. The GDP is divided by the total population to calculate the GDP per capita. Gross National income the total annual value of goods and services produced by nationals of a country. HDI (Human Development Index) is measured on a scale of 0 to 1, and is an aggregate of three indicators: life expectancy, level of education/ adult literacy and GDP per capita. Very poor countries are ranked very low whereas a country which has a HDI of 0,9 would be highly developed. In 2012, Norway ranked as the country in the world with the highest HDI (0.955) whereas Niger was ranked as the country with the lowest HDI (0.304). development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development Department of Social Development 3 Population Support material SOCIAL SCIENCE development issues GR 9 GR 11 Development Indicators INDICATOR Activity 4 Example/ explanation Crop 4 ytivitcA Economic Indicators • GDP per capita if low - LEDC • Value of exports if high - MEDC • % of people working in agriculture (no mechanisation) if high - LEDC • % of people involved in tertiary economic sector (services) if high - MEDC • % of people working in secondary economic sector (industry) if low - LEDC • % of people unemployed if low - MEDC • Level of urbanisation if high - MEDC Social Indicators • HDI if high – MEDC • Literacy / education if low - LEDC • Population growth % if low - MEDC • Birth rate if low - MEDC • Status of women if women are empowered - MEDC • Infant mortality rate if low - MEDC • Life expectancy if low - LEDC Environmental Indicators • Number of dams built many - MEDC • % of land set aside for conservation and national parks high - MEDC • Energy/ electricity use if low - LEDC • Number of resources for local people if low - LEDC development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development Department of Social Development 4 Population Support material SOCIAL SCIENCE development issues GR 9 GR 11 Factors that might affect development, especially in Africa and other LEDCs Overpopulation There are too many people with too little food and water. As they do not have access to food and water, the people have low energy levels and their productivity is low. This, in turn, means that they earn little and are poor and therefore there is little money for development. Colonialism In Africa, many countries have low levels of development, as their raw materials (resources) and profits were sent back to the Colonial power. If there are no raw materials then it is difficult to establish factories with the result that job opportunities and sources of income are further limited. Example: Products and resources from Mozambique were sent to Portugal. Diamonds mined in Namibia were sent to Germany. Trade restrictions In South Africa, during the Apartheid era, trade with other countries was boycotted. Sanc- tions were put in place because many countries disagreed with our policies. As we were not able to trade with our commodities, it affected our income and therefore the development of the country. Low levels of education When people are not educated in a skill, development will be slow. Rural women have suffered the most as their education was limited and they were not employed in highly paid jobs. If they were employed at all, they earned very little and could afford to buy the minimum – this did not contribute to the development of the area in which they lived. World literacy rates. development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development Department of Social Development 5 Population Support material SOCIAL SCIENCE development issues Health care and medical services GR 9 GR 11 If hospitals and clinics are poorly run the mortality rate will be high and development will be low. Political stability and state security If a country is in a state of war or with little security policies in place, there will be low levels of development as few money is available for development. Good governance When a government is corrupt, there will be little development as the finances are used inappropriately. If there are strong leaders in power and if they are well respected throughout the world, foreign countries will have confidence in that country and will trade with or invest in that country and that will have a positive impact on development. Example: Zimbabwe has suffered in recent years due to little confidence in the leadership of the country and therefore development has been slow. development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development Department of Social Development 6 Population Support material Department of Social Development Private Bag x901, Pretoria 0001 SOUTH AFRICA www.population.gov.za Tel: 012 312 7769/7410 Fax: 0123127932 Department of Social Development Population Support material