Download - The Population Policy of South Africa

SOCIAL SCIENCE
development issues
LEARNER GUIDE
- (South A frica and the world)
including indicators of development
KEY CONCEPTS
GR 9
• www.dsd.gov.za
• www.population.gov.za
GR 11
CHIEF DIRECTORATE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
www.population.co.za
Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001, SOUTH AFRICA
COPYRIGHT© 2014, Department of Social Development, Pretoria, South Africa
For further information:
Chief Directorate Population and Development
Department of Social Development
Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001
SOUTH AFRICA
www.population.co.za
Tel: 012 312 7769/ 7410
Fax: 012 312 7710/ 312 7932
Email: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected]
This publication is intended to support learning about population and development in the school curriculum and may be
copied/downloaded and distributed as required. Permission should be obtained from the copyright holder for any
changes to the format or content of this publication. Distribution for remuneration is not permitted.
COPYRIGHT© 2014, Department of Social Development, Pretoria, South Africa
1
Department of Social Development
Population Support material
SOCIAL SCIENCE
development issues
GR 9
GR 11
Development
A country is said to have developed when, over a period of time, it displays a rise in its economy and
subsequently an improved standard of living and quality of life for its people.
LEDC - rural rural people see development as an improved quality of life with access to water, electricity,
education and health care.
LEDC - urban urban dwellers in a developing country want employment opportunities, housing, reliable
infrastructure, welfare services and a system that recognises human rights.
POOR
IMPROVED
POOR
IMPROVED
Types of development
Economic Development
Involves the accumulation of wealth and improved living standards.
Social and Political Development
Where people are cared for - they have medical assistance
and education, are aware of their human rights, they are justly
treated, there is equal opportunity for all and political freedom
Environmental Development
When a country is concerned with generating energy and building
dams without compromising large tracts of land set aside for conservation
and national parks.
Appropriate Development
Development must suit the needs and abilities of the people in a
specific region. A large power station built by a donor country,
when a country is not industrialized, would not be appropriate.
development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development
Department of Social Development
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Population Support material
SOCIAL SCIENCE
development issues
GR 9
GR 11
Ways in which one can measure development
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) the total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year.
GDP per capita (per person)
an average income earned by people in a country. The GDP is divided by the
total population to calculate the GDP per capita.
Gross National income
the total annual value of goods and services produced by nationals of a country.
HDI (Human Development Index)
is measured on a scale of 0 to 1, and is an aggregate of three indicators:
life expectancy, level of education/ adult literacy and GDP per capita. Very poor countries are ranked very low
whereas a country which has a HDI of 0,9 would be highly developed.
In 2012, Norway ranked as the country in the world with the highest HDI (0.955) whereas Niger was ranked as
the country with the lowest HDI (0.304).
development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development
Department of Social Development
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Population Support material
SOCIAL SCIENCE
development issues
GR 9
GR 11
Development Indicators
INDICATOR
Activity 4
Example/
explanation
Crop
4 ytivitcA
Economic Indicators
• GDP per capita
if low - LEDC
• Value of exports
if high - MEDC
• % of people working in agriculture
(no mechanisation)
if high - LEDC
• % of people involved in
tertiary economic sector (services)
if high - MEDC
• % of people working in
secondary economic sector (industry)
if low - LEDC
• % of people unemployed
if low - MEDC
• Level of urbanisation
if high - MEDC
Social Indicators
• HDI
if high – MEDC
• Literacy / education
if low - LEDC
• Population growth %
if low - MEDC
• Birth rate
if low - MEDC
• Status of women
if women are
empowered - MEDC
• Infant mortality rate
if low - MEDC
• Life expectancy
if low - LEDC
Environmental Indicators
• Number of dams built
many - MEDC
• % of land set aside for
conservation and national parks
high - MEDC
• Energy/ electricity use
if low - LEDC
• Number of resources for local people
if low - LEDC
development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development
Department of Social Development
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Population Support material
SOCIAL SCIENCE
development issues
GR 9
GR 11
Factors that might affect development, especially in Africa and other LEDCs
Overpopulation
There are too many people with too little food and water. As they do not have access to food
and water, the people have low energy levels and their productivity is low. This, in turn, means that they earn
little and are poor and therefore there is little money for development.
Colonialism
In Africa, many countries have low levels of development, as their raw materials (resources) and
profits were sent back to the Colonial power. If there are no raw materials then it is difficult to establish factories
with the result that job opportunities and sources of income are further limited.
Example: Products and resources from Mozambique were sent to Portugal.
Diamonds mined in Namibia were sent to Germany.
Trade restrictions
In South Africa, during the Apartheid era, trade with other countries was boycotted. Sanc-
tions were put in place because many countries disagreed with our policies. As we were not able to trade with
our commodities, it affected our income and therefore the development of the country.
Low levels of education
When people are not educated in a skill, development will be slow. Rural women have
suffered the most as their education was limited and they were not employed in highly paid jobs. If they were
employed at all, they earned very little and could afford to buy the minimum – this did not contribute to the
development of the area in which they lived.
World literacy rates.
development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development
Department of Social Development
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Population Support material
SOCIAL SCIENCE
development issues
Health care and medical services
GR 9
GR 11
If hospitals and clinics are poorly run the mortality rate will be high and
development will be low.
Political stability and state security
If a country is in a state of war or with little security policies in place, there
will be low levels of development as few money is available for development.
Good governance
When a government is corrupt, there will be little development as the finances are used
inappropriately. If there are strong leaders in power and if they are well respected throughout the world,
foreign countries will have confidence in that country and will trade with or invest in that country and that will
have a positive impact on development. Example: Zimbabwe has suffered in recent years due to little confidence in the leadership of the country and therefore development has been slow.
development issues - SA and the world, including indicators of development
Department of Social Development
6
Population Support material
Department of Social Development
Private Bag x901, Pretoria 0001
SOUTH AFRICA
www.population.gov.za
Tel: 012 312 7769/7410
Fax: 0123127932
Department of Social Development
Population Support material