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Westhill Institute
Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum
Early World History-End of Year Study Guide Grades 801, 802, & 803
Examination period: Bi-mesters 3, 4, and 5, 2010
European Western Expansion, Civilizations of Central and South America
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Identify the European imperial nations that started the Age of Exploration
Identify and understand the timeline and events during the Age of Exploration
 1487-1560s
 Cape of Good Hope
 British arrival to India
 Christopher Columbus
 Henry the Navigator
Identify examples of the three most important types of imperialism: economic, political, territorial
Scientific developments that led to the birth of the Age of Exploration
Identify the economic models that were created after the fall of the Roman Empire
Identify examples for the consequences of the rise of the Industrial Revolution
The Aztecs
(links to videos on teacherweb: Bimester IV: Grades 801-802: The Rise of the Aztecs/Video link and guide)
o Timeline: arrival to the Valley of Mexico, Rise and Collapse
o Location where city of Tenochtitlan is built
o Building the Aztecs most revered in Teotihuacan: what did the Aztecs believe about the city of
Teotihuacan?
o Influence of city of Teotihuacan in the city of Tenochtitlan
o Meaning of the name “Aztec”
Engineering
o How did the Aztecs make the ground stable for their buildings? (wooden pylons)
o How did the Aztecs connect their city to the mainland?
(cause ways)
o Netzahualcoyotl: what is he known for? Where was he from?
o Building that dominated the city of Tenochtitlan: name and location
Natural Resources
o Water in the Aztec Empire: how was fresh water first brought to the city of Tenochtitlan?
o Who controlled water resources on the mainland? (Indian Tribe that controlled water resources)
o Aqueducts: characteristics of aqueducts
o Complication of rain water for the city of Tenochtitlan
Aztec Emperors
o Montezuma I: what was the first thing he did and in what directions?
o Estimated population about 1449 in the Aztec Empire
o Montezuma I and Netzahualcoyotl: building projects to protect the city of Tenochtitlan; what did it
protect?
Agriculture:
o Name of the agricultural system the Aztecs created and perfected to grow food
o Number of crops harvested (grown) in Aztec agricultural system.
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Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum
Population (late 15th Century)
o Ahuitzotl: how far did the Aztec empire grow during his time? (north and south)
o What building was built during the time of Ahuitzotl?
o What Gods were honored at the most important pyramid in city of Tenochtitlan?
o What is the name of the stone used for building large pyramids in the city of Tenochtitlan?
Religion
o Relationship of story of Moon Goddess and Aztec sacrifices: (reenactment during calendar year festivals)
o Name given to blood by the Aztecs
Montezuma II
o What emperor did Montezuma II succeed?
o How many people are believed to live in the Aztec Empire at the time Montezuma II becomes an Aztec
emperor?
o Montezuma’s II personality: what did he do after he saw a comet over the city of Tenochtitlan? Passive,
paranoid.
Arrival of the Spanish: Montezuma, The Sad Night, Spanish Blockade.
o Aztecs warriors in the battle field: what costumes did they wear in the battle field?
o Where did Aztec warriors become initiated? (Malinalco)
o Death of Montezuma: how did it happen? Where is his body buried?
o What is the Sad Night (Noche Triste)? Where did the battle of the Sad Night take place?
o What did the Spanish Blockade want to accomplish?
o Where did the final battle between the Spanish and the Aztec take place?
Chinampas and Xochimilco Culture
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Uses of Chinampas, sizes, and official organization
Types of crops raised in Xochimilco today: (nopales, cilantro, zucchini, epazote, etc.)
Traditional (Aztec) agricultural techniques
Limo
Chapin
Cross-planting
Water quality and issues: density, metals, etc.
Attempts to ‘naturally’ improve the quality of water in canals (Liros, Manatees, etc.)
Types of trees and birds: Ahuetes, Herons, Green Parrots
Total number of Chinampas estimated in 2004 (Seattle PI news article)
Requirements to become a World Heritage Site
The Maya
(See presentation on Teacherweb)
Chronology (timeline posted in presentation)
o Pre-historic period
o Classic Period
o Post Classic Period
Maya Area
o Highlands and lowlands: location and features and Maya groups that inhabit each area
o Mayan Agriculture: crops and animals
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Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum
Mayan Societies
o Maya Social and Political Structure: Lords, soldiers, merchants, Artisans, and Slaves
Mayan Architecture
o Types and Vaults
Astronomy, Writing, and Luxury items
o Venus and Jupiter
o Calendars
o The Maya Writing system
o Breaking the Maya Code
Mayan Communities today
o Estimated population
o Location of major groups
o Political and Environmental issues
The Inca
Study the guides for videos 1 and 2. Focus on:
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Size and extent of Inca Empire
Inca communication systems (roads, people)
The Emperor, the sun, and mummification of royalty (what is the idea behind mummifying only royalty?)
Names of tribes that became part of the Inca Empire
Inca Pantheon: Viracocha, the Sun, Gods of Nature (thunder, water, etc.)
Inca stories of creation (Lake Titicaca; brother and sister (names?))
Inca crops: potatoes and varieties
Inca architecture (“Andines”, bridges, roads)
Inca domesticated animals (Vicuñas, Alpacas, Llamas) and uses of them in Inca Empire
Inca ceremonial and political cities
Inca social structure: Emperor, military, merchants, etc.
Inca Quipus (what were they used for?)
Inca government type and style (W.H. Prescott)
Inca military training for young boys (W.H. Prescott)
Inca religious beliefs (W.H. Prescott) (Heaven and Hell; only one God)
Inca Emperor at the time of the arrival of the Spanish
Recap:
o What was Europe like at the time of the rise of the Aztec and Spanish?
o How does the encounter of the old and the new link Europe’s history?
o How are we linked to Rome, Byzantium, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and
the Age of Exploration?
o How do we link two different histories and arrive together at the modern era?
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World War I
Study presentations online. Focus on:
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Social, Political, Economic, and Imperial reasons for the start of WWI
The geographic divisions between Imperial powers in the 1800s
Unification of Germany in 1871: political figures (Kaiser and Von Bismarck)
The reasons why Britain was the biggest and most powerful Empire at the end of the 19th century
Relations between Germany and the Soviet Union (Russia)
France and long friendship with the Soviet Union (Russia)
Great Britain’s isolationist ideas and plans
Alliances and their consequences
Role of assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austro-Hungary, Serbia, the Soviet Union and the
terms of the Dual Entente and Triple Alliance)
Reason for change from Triple Alliance to Central Alliance: countries involved
Hallmarks of the war: weapons and trenches
Treaty of Versailles: provisions and consequences of WWII
World War II
Study presentations online and class notes
The Great Depression:
How did it impact the German economy and war debt?
How did the Great Depression facilitate (re)negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles?
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What does Germany get during this time?
Which countries does Germany get back?
What treaties does Germany sign during this time?
What “prize” does the non-aggression treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union
include?
 How does Japan become part of the war? (treaty)
What was the position of the Allied Powers (Great Britain and the United States) after WWI?
Why did Pacifism seem better for the Allied Powers?
Why did the Allied Powers procure Appeasement?
Cost of WWII
How much did WWII cost (in today’s dollars?)
How many people died in WWII?
Beginning of WWII
Who were the scapegoats for Germany’s problems?
What is the “Night of Broken Glass”?
What is the event that officially starts WWII?
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Allies and the War in Europe and the Pacific
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Axis Powers and Allied Powers: name the countries
Atlantic Charter
Lend and Lease (U.S. and Britain)
Pearl Harbor and the entry of the U.S. into the war
Results and Consequences of WWII
Role of technology in the end of WWII: new scientific fields
Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials: why are they set up? What do the trials attempt to correct?
Division of Germany and reconstruction of Japan: who does the job? Why? Consequences?
Yalta Conference: what was it for? What is discussed at this conference?
Postdam Conference: President Truman and Soviet refusal to hold free elections
Iron Curtain Speech: what does it warn about? What does the language used for the speech
seem to imply?
Truman Doctrine:
what problem does it respond to? Which countries are involved?
How long does it last? How much money is involved? What year does
it start? What U.S. policy does the Truman Doctrine end? Which two
countries first benefit from the Truman Doctrine?
Beginning of Cold War: why does the Cold War start? What does the Berlin Airlift have to do
with the beginning of the Cold War? When does the Cold War end?
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