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Constitution: Terms and Concepts Strict Constructionist: Someone who interprets the Constitution literally, “if it’s not there, you don’t get it,” views government’s power as limited. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Loose Constructionist: Someone with a liberal interpretation of the Constitution, “reads between the lines,” views government’s power as unlimited. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Revenue Bills Revenue bills = Money bills Revenue = money govt collects to carry out its duties. Expenditures = money govt spends to carry out its duties. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Pocket Veto: If Congress adjourns (suspends action and goes home) less than 10 days after a bill is sent to the president and the president does nothing, the bill is vetoed. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Commerce Clause: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3. Congress can regulate economic activity. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Expressed Powers: Powers directly stated in the Constitution; aka enumerated powers. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Elastic Clause: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 Congress can make all laws that are “necessary and proper.” Constitution: Terms and Concepts The Electoral College Constitution: Terms and Concepts The Electoral College •Electoral Votes: 538 •Electoral Votes Needed to Win: 270 •Winner Takes All: Candidate need only win plurality of states’ popular vote to get all states’ electoral votes. Constitution: Terms and Concepts The Electoral College Constitution: Terms and Concepts The Electoral College The “Shade” of Things to Come? Constitution: Terms and Concepts Commander in Chief: The president controls, or commands, the military; civilian control of the military. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Impeachment: Process of removing public officials from office for criminal wrongdoing. Two steps: Constitution: Terms and Concepts Step 1: House Judiciary Committee holds hearings, recommends impeachment, entire House votes. Official is said to be impeached at this point. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Step 2: Senate sits as jury with Chief Justice presiding. If found guilty and convicted in Senate, official must leave office. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Original Jurisdiction: Court that hears a case for the first time. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Appellate Jurisdiction: Court that hears a case on appeal from a lower court. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Extradition: Returning accused to the locality where the crime was committed to stand trial. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Constitution: Terms and Concepts Amending the Constitution—Informal Methods Judicial Interpretations: Supreme Court decisions reflect current legal thinking on the Constitution and its original intent. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Amending the Constitution—Informal Methods Executive Actions: Executive Agreements—between president and another head of state; force of treaty but no Senate approval. Executive Privilege—president has right to withhold information from Congress and people. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Amending the Constitution—Informal Methods Legislative Action: Congress has broad powers to write legislation that stretches its constitutional limits. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Amending the Constitution—Informal Methods Social Change: Role of minorities, women, and others has changed, rights have been extended, national/regional issues cause powers to expand or contract, political parties. . . Constitution: Terms and Concepts Amending the Constitution—Informal Methods Technological Change: From postal trucks to the Air Force, regulatory and enforcement duties of the federal government have changed with the times without changes to the Constitution. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Double Jeopardy: Unconstitutional; bringing a person to trial over and over again for the same crime. Constitution: Terms and Concepts Maximum number of years a person can be president? 10