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UNIT 7
The Age of Discovery
Why were the discoveries made?
1. They needed new trade routes to the East
2.
(1453 the Turks conquered Constantinople)
Technical advances improved navigation
1. New maps: portulan charts
2. Navigational instruments: compass, astrolabe
and quadrant were developed
3. Ships were improved: caravels and so they could
travel longer distances.
The caravel
• It had existed for hundreds of years but was
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modified.
It had square sails for speed and triangular sails
for manoueuvre.
It had three masts
Less than 30 men formed the crew
There were no oarsmen, so there was more
space for cargo -> long voyages were possible
The ships carried cannons to defend themselves
from pirates and enemy ships.
http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/index.htm
oars·man
• ˈɔrz mən, ˈoʊrz-/
• –noun, plural -men.
• a person who rows a boat, especially a
racing boat; rower.
What were the new sea routes?
• Portuguese expeditions
– 15th century, Portugal had been looking for a
new sea route to the India around the coast
of Africa. Henry the Navigator organised
various expeditions.
– The Madeira Islands were discovered in 1418,
The Azores in 1431
– 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of
Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa
– 1498 Vasco de Gama reached India
Portugal created a great empire and became a
world power.
Spanish and Portuguese rivalry
The crown of Castile was Portugal’s biggest
rival in the search of new routes to India.
Castilians decided to sail west across the
Altantic circumnavigating the Earth.
Christopher Columbus
http://www.vernonkids.com/cedarmountain/4thgradelinks/columbus/co
lumbus.htm
• Genoese sailor (1451-1505)
• He thought the world was round
• The Catholic Monarchs decided to finance the
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expedition
On 3 August 1492 the Pinta, the Niña and the
Santa María, left the Port of Palos de la Frontera
(Huelva)
The voyage
• His calculations were wrong, he thought the
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•
earth was smaller
The crew complained
They saw land on 12 October 1492, they
thought they had reached Capango (Japan) but
they had reached a new country later called
“America” (1502 by Americo Vespucci, Italian
sailor)
Juan de la Cosa 1500 draw the first map on
which America appears ----- >
Great Antilles (Las Antillas)
Columbus’
expeditions
• He did four expeditions
• On the second voyage, a faster route was found.
• On the second and third voyage, Columbus
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explored the coast of Central and South
America.
In 1504 he returned to Spain.
He died in 1506 convinced that he had reached
India.
Magellan’s expedition
• In 1519, 5 boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained
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by Ferdinand Magellan.
Juan Sebastián Elcano was his second-in-command.
Their goal was to find a passage between the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans to the Moluccas or Spice Islands in
Asia.
1520, they found a strait connecting both oceans, later
called the “Strait of Magellan”
They sailed to the Philippines where Magellan was killed
in a fight with the natives and Elcano took command.
Juan Sebastián Elcano
• The expeditions headed for the Moluccas,
where they loaded up valuable spices and
then set sail for Spain.
• In 1522, 18 men and one ship “Victoria”
returned.
• They were the first to circumnavigate the
World and prove that the Earth was
round.
Maluku Islands (also known as
the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands)
are an archipelago that is part of Indonesia
Consequences of the discoveries
• Portugal and Spain created great overseas
empires.
• Unexplored regions were divided between
Spain and Portugal to prevent problems:
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494.
– Portugal recieved territories east of the line:
Africa, Asia and Brazil.
– Castile recived territories west of the line:
most of the territories in the Americas.
European supremacy
• Countries wanted to expand their territory
and benefit from trade to exploit the
resources of these continents.
• This rivalry between European continents
lasted for five centuries.
Progress in science
• Developements in geography and
Cartography: knowledge of the land and
oceans became more accurate.
• Developements in Sciences: many new
plant and animal species were discovered
(potato, tomato, tobacco,…)
Potato
The potato originated in the region of
southern Peru. Potatoes were first
domesticated in Peru between 3000 BC
and 2000 BC. In the Altiplano, potatoes
provided the principal energy source for
the Inca Empire.
Tomato
The word tomato comes from
the Nahuatl word tomatl, literally "the
swelling fruit“ (aztecs)
Cacao
• The cacao tree is native to the Americas. It may have originated in
the foothills of the Andes in the Amazon and Orinoco basins
of South America. It was first cultivated by the Olmecs at least
1500 BC in Central America.
• The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica
before the Spanish conquest.
• Cocoa was an important commodity in preColumbian Mesoamerica.
Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, had no other beverage
than chocolate, served in a golden goblet. Flavored with vanilla or
other spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved
in the mouth.
• Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became
a popular beverage by the mid 17th century.
Consequences of the discoveries
• Contact between different peoples
• Diseases introduced by the Europeans
caused a dramatic decline in the
indigenous population of America
(Epidemics
of smallpox (1518,1521,1525,1558,1589), typhus (1546)
, influenza (1558), diphtheria (1614) and measles (1618)
killed between 10 million and 20 million people, up to
95% of the indigenous population of the Americas
QUIZZ
Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in
1488?
Who arrived in a new country thinking
that he had reached Capango?
Who reached India going east in 1498?
What is the name of the cartographer
that first included America in 1500?
Who gave name to the new country in
1502?
Who circumnavigated the earth between
1519-1522?
Quiz
Who was the Aztec emperor when the
Spanish arrived?
Who conquered the Aztec empire?
Who was the Inca emperor when the
Spanish arrived?
Who conquered the Inca empire?
Match the cities with the Pre-Columbian
civilizations:
Cities
Civilizations
Chichen Itza
Aztec empire
Machu Pichu
Cuzco
Inca empire
Quito
Tenochtitlan
Total score
Maya civilization
______ / 13
ANSWER KEY
Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?
Bartolomeu Dias
Who arrived in a new country thinking that he
had reached Capango?
Christopher Columbus
Who reached India going east in 1498?
Vasco de Gama
Answer key
What is the name of the cartographer that first
included America in 1500?
Juan de la Cosa
Who gave name to the new country in 1502?
Americo Vespucci (1502)
Who circumnavigated the earth between 15191522?
Magellan - Juan Sebastián Elcano
ANSWER KEY
Who was the Aztec emperor when the Spanish
arrived?
Moctezuma II
Who conquered the Aztec empire?
Hernán Cortés
Who was the Inca emperor when the Spanish
arrived?
Atahualpa
Who conquered the Inca empire?
Francisco Pizarro
Match the cities with the Pre-Columbian
civilizations:
Cities
Civilizations
Tenochtitlán
Aztec empire
Chichen Itza
Maya civilization
Machu Pichu
Inca empire
Cuzco
Inca empire
Quito
Inca empire
Total score
______ / 13
VIDEOS
• http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=6Jyl9Ba7zw&feature=rel
mfu
AZTECS
• http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=9J4E964
Ce3E&playnext=1&list
=PLE1F9CFB5C488DD
56
MAYAS
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=TgJrALb
MoKI
INCAS
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=P2YBVlgq
qco&feature=related
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=t9ADrIrG
8as&feature=fvst