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U.S. History Goal 2 Expansion & Reform 1801-1850 Goal 2 Vocabulary Eli Whitney Cotton gin Henry Clay American System Erie Canal Interchangeable parts Industrial Revolution Nationalism Adams-Onis Treaty Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise Spoils system Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears Temperance Movement Seneca Falls Convention Strike Tariff of Abominations Whig Party John C. Calhoun Charles Grandison Finney Second Great Awakening Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau Civil disobedience Utopian community Abolition William Lloyd Garrison Emancipation Fredrick Douglas Nat Turner Antebellum STARTER 2/8/10 Examine the map, “The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821” on page 223. Answer the questions below: 1. How many free states/territories were in the Union, as of 1820? 2. How many slave states/territories were in the Union, as of 1820? 3. In which two territories was slavery permitted? 4. Why would Thomas Jefferson have feared for the Union’s future after the passage of the Missouri Compromise?... In other words, what possible problems can YOU foresee in the Missouri Compromise? (Will this compromise last? Why or why not?) Goal 2 Preview Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What was John Q. Adam’s focus as Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe? (220-221) Why would settlers go west? (222) Trace the process a territory would take to become a state. (222) Explain why Missouri’s request for admission to the Union created conflict in 1819. (222) Describe how the issue of Missouri’s statehood was resolved. (222-23) Goal 2 Preview Questions 6. What were the two basic attitudes toward Native Americans since 1600? (226) 7. What was Pres. Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans? (226) 8. How did the Cherokee fight the Indian Removal Act? (228) 9. What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester v. Georgia? (228) 10. Describe the Trail of Tears. (229) 11. Describe Americans’ feelings regarding westward expansion during the 1840s. (280-81) Goal 2 Preview Questions 12. Name four reasons people moved west in the 1840s. (281) 13. What were the results of the Black Hawk War? (281) 14. What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty? How successful or unsuccessful was it? (282) 15. Why did Mormons move west? (284-85) 16. Why did Mexico invite U.S. settlers to live there? (289) 17. What led to the tensions in Texas in the 1830s? (290 Goal 2 Preview Questions 18. Identify events in the Texas Revolution that occurred on the dates below (290-292): Late 1833Late 1835March 1836April 1836Sept. 183618381845- Starter 2/9/10 Color and label the Westward Expansion Map. Use the map in your book, pages A20-A21 for help. Only label the stages indicated on your worksheet (1-9) Goal 2 Preview Questions continued… 19. Why was there such a delay in Houston’s request for Texas to be annexed to the U.S. and the state’s actual admittance to the Union? (292) 20. What were Pres. James K. Polk’s aspirations after the Texas Revolution? (293-94) 21. What were the territorial gains for the U.S. as a result of the War with Mexico? (297) 22. How did the California gold rush bring diversity to the west? (299) Why did people move and settle out west? Escape religious persecution (like the Mormons) Find new markets for commerce Claim land for farming, ranching, and mining Seek new employment opportunities Escape debt and financial problems Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise was a line created- new states admitted South of the line would be slave states and new states North of the line would be free states It maintained a balance of power in Congress between the free states and slave states Indian Removal & Treaties Native Americans were removed from the east to Indian Territory with the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 The removal of the Cherokee was known as the Trail of Tears Fighting between Native Americans in the west (Central Plains) and the U.S. government led to the Fort Laramie Treaty, which was violated by the U.S. government Manifest Destiny Americans came to believe that it was their destiny, ordained by God, to expand its territory to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexico This was called “Manifest Destiny” President James K. Polk wanted to obtain territory in Mexico Texas Independence Mexico invited American farmers to settle in its northern territory to help its economy Mexico and American settlers clashed over cultural differences, especially regarding slavery After fighting between Austin and Houston against Santa Anna (Mexico’s dictator), Texas declared its independence Texas was eventually annexed to the United States, following conflicts within Congress over its status as a slave state Texas annexation to the Union led to the War with Mexico War with Mexico Following the War with Mexico, the United States gained a great deal of territory though the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo California Gold Rush When gold was discovered in California in 1849, thousands of people moved west Gold prospectors were known as “forty-niners” The population exploded and California became culturally diverse Classwork Assignment 2/9/10 Chapter 7 Section 1 Main Idea Questions A-E (Red Books) The questions are in the middle of the book in yellow! STARTER 2/10/10 Examine the map on page 227, entitled “Effects of the Indian Removal Act, 1830s-1840s” and answer these questions: 1. Name the five major tribes removed as a result of the Indian Removal Act. 2. Where were most of the tribes moved? 3. What do you think were some of the longterm effects of this removal of Native Americans? 1. What was John Q. Adam’s focus as Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe? To establish a foreign policy based on nationalism The Adams-Onis Treaty was signed gave America Florida from Spain & the Oregon Territory Nationalism A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation 2. Why would settlers go west? a. b. c. d. e. To escape debts To escape the law In search of economic gain Plenty of cheap and fertile land Change occupations 3. Trace the process a territory would take to become a state. 1st: Territory’s population would reach 60,000 2nd: Petition the government (Union) for admission as a state 3rd: Draft a state constitution 4th: Elect representatives 5th: Congress approved the state to become part of the United States 4. Explain why Missouri’s request for admission to the Union created conflict in 1819. The number of slave states and free states was not equal Southerners were afraid they would have less power in Congress Southerners were threatened that Northerners were trying to end slavery Northerners thought the South was trying to expand slavery into the new territories 5. Describe how the issue of Missouri’s statehood was resolved Henry Clay (“The Great Compromiser”) came up with the Missouri Compromise It maintained a balance between the free states and slave states In addition, a line was created- states admitted South of the line would be slave states and states North of the line would be free states The Missouri Compromise 6. What were the two basic attitudes toward Native Americans since 1600? Displace Native Americans and take away their lands Convert them to Christians, turn them into farmers, and absorb them into white culture 7. What was Pres. Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans? President Jackson believed Native Americans should be moved from their lands to areas in the west He had Congress approve the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which moved eastern tribes to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) 8. How did the Cherokee fight the Indian Removal Act? The Cherokee won recognition as a distinct political community in the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester v. Georgia? Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s decision “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it” 10. Describe the Trail of Tears. It was an 800 mile trip made by steamboat, railroad, and on foot Many people died in the winter The Cherokee were stripped of their possessions ¼ of the tribe died Indian Removal to “Indian Territory” 11. Describe Americans’ feelings regarding westward expansion during the 1840s. Americans believed that they were destined and ordained by God to move west The phrase “Manifest Destiny” expressed the belief that the United States should expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican Territory MANIFEST DESTINY Starter 2/11/10 Read “Daily Life 1820-1850: Working at Mid-Century” and examine the “Data File” on pages 266-267. Write a one paragraph diary entry (with at date/year) explaining what your day was like as either a cotton plantation slave, mill worker, or a farmer 12. Name four reasons people moved west in the 1840s. Escape financial problems Abundant land for ownership Mining Seeking new markets What were the results of the Black Hawk War? More tribes were removed from their lands in the east to Indian Territory 14. What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty? How successful or unsuccessful was it? • The Fort Laramie Treaty was established to create peace among tribes in the west and the U.S. government and its citizens The Fort Laramie Treaty was violated by the U.S. government Eventually, Native Americans were put on reservations and lost total control over their lands 15. Why did Mormons move west? The Mormons moved west to escape religious persecution Why did Mexico invite U.S. settlers to live there? Mexico needed to improve its economy so it offered land grants to American farmers What let to the tensions in Texas in the 1830s? Cultural differences between the Mexicans and U.S. settlers, especially over the issue of slavery Slavery had been abolished in Mexico is 1824 Identify events in the Texas Revolution that occurred on the dates below Late 1833- Austin petitions the Mexican government for self-government in Texas Austin is then imprisoned by Santa Anna Late 1835- Texas attacks Mexico; Santa Anna destroys the Alamo March 1836- Santa Anna kills 300 Texans at Goliad April 1836- Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna at San Jacinto Sept. 1836- Republic of Texas established 1838- Houston invites the United States to annex Texas 1845- Texas becomes the 28th state 19. Why was there such a delay in Houston’s request for Texas to be annexed to the U.S. and the state’s actual admittance to the Union? The delay occurred due to the debate over slavery Texas had slaves The North feared the balance of power between slave states and free states would be unequal again The North also feared there would be a war with Mexico if Texas was annexed (or added) to the United States 20. What were Pres. James K. Polk’s aspirations after the Texas Revolution? Polk wanted to bring Texas, New Mexico, and California into the Union 21. What were the territorial gains for the U.S. as a result of the War with Mexico? The United States paid $15 million for California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of Colorado and Wyoming Then $10 million was paid for territory south of the Gila River (Gadsden Purchase) 22. How did the California gold rush bring diversity to the west? Chinese were the largest group to come from overseas Free blacks came looking for opportunities Mexicans were the fastest-growing population Slaves were part of the population until slavery was outlawed in California in 1849 Sectionalism Placing the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole Two Distinct Economies Develop SECTIONALISM NORTH •Became industrial with the invention of interchangeable parts •Small, self-sufficient family farms •Little to no need for slavery SOUTH •Large plantations •Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) made slavery entrenched in southern life •More cotton was produced with the invention of the cotton gin, therefore more slaves were needed American System (Henry Clay) NATIONALISM PURPOSE: Unite the nation economically 1. Develop transportation systems & internal improvements (roads, canals, and railroad) Specific examples: National Road, Erie Canal 2. Establish a protective tariff (tax on imports) This INCREASED the cost of foreign goods- domestic products were cheaper so more were sold These taxes would help pay for internal improvements 3. Resurrect the national bank (Second Bank of the U.S.) Created a national currency, making it easier for people in different regions to do business with each other Monroe Doctrine NATIONALISM The Monroe Doctrine warned all outside powers not to interfere with the affairs in the Western Hemisphere; At the same time the United States would not involve itself in European affairs Don’t create new colonies Don’t overthrow newly independent republics in the hemisphere Tariff of 1816-1832 SECTIONALISM John C. Calhoun (Jackson’s Vice President from South Carolina) called the tariff a “Tariff of Abominations” According to Calhoun, the tariff forced the South to buy the more expensive Northern manufactured goods He felt the North was getting rich at the expense of the South South Carolina tried to nullify the tariff Henry Clay stepped in a brokered a compromise, lowering the tariff over a 10 year period Jackson Challenges the Bank of the U.S. NATIONALISM Jackson believed that the Bank of the U.S. benefited the rich rather than the citizen Instead, Jackson deposited money into state banks, rather than the Bank of the U.S. -“pet banks” These banks were loyal to the Democratic Party, thus called “pet banks” Eventually the BUS went out of business Sectional Attitudes about War with Mexico SECTIONALISM South Saw it as an opportunity to extend slavery and increase Southern power in Congress North Opposed the war and saw it as a plot to expand slavery This would create Southern dominance Wilmot Proviso Debate SECTIONALISM The Proviso would ban slavery in all territories acquired in the War with Mexico The North supported the proviso because it banned slavery in new territories The North thought slavery was unfair competition to wage earners The South opposed the proviso The proviso never passed, but caused more sectional tension between the North and the South Compromise of 1850 NATIONALISM Created by Henry Clay to solve the controversy between free states and slave states The terms of the Compromise of 1850: 1. North got California admitted to the Union as a free state 2. South got a strict fugitive slave law 3. Popular sovereignty (allowing residents of the new territories to vote for or against slavery) would determine the status of states in the future Gibbons v. Ogden Congress regulates interstate commerce The federal government has the power to regulate everything that crosses state lines Ex: steamboats, air traffic, TV & radio waves Reform Movements of the 1830-1850s 2.2 Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language. 2.5 Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness. 2.6 Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements and issues. American Cultural Pride A clear “American” culture was emerging in the 1830s American art and literature was developing and becoming recognized Hudson River School The Hudson River School was an art school The artists created paintings which celebrated the American landscape The paintings revealed the truth in human emotion Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, head chief, Blood Tribe in the National Museum of American Art, Washington D.C. By George Catlin Asher Durand Kindred Spirits, 1849 The New York Public Library, New York City A Lake in the Sierra Nevada by Albert Bierstadt Frederic Church Niagara 1857 Oil on canvas 42 1/2 x 90 1/2 in. (108 x 229.9 cm) The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington Transcendentalism Transcendentalism is a form of American literature Emphasized: • Simple living • Celebrating nature • Optimism • Freedom • Self-reliance Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson was a transcendentalist New England writer Wrote about simple living, nature, and personal emotion and imagination Henry David Thoreau Lived in solitude at Walden Pond in Massachusetts, writing the book Walden Urged the concept of civil disobedience, protesting by refusing to obey the law (IMPORTANT: Ghandi & Martin Luther King adopt this view in their protests in the 21st century) Ideal Communities Created The optimism of the transcendentalist movement led to the development of ideal communities Two include: • Utopian Communities • Shaker Communities Utopian Communities Groups tried to form Utopian Communities, or perfect places to live“utopias” They lived together with common goals such as self-sufficiency Best known communities included New Harmony and Brook Farm Most of these communities failed Shaker Communities Shakers were a religious community of New England They believed that men & women were equal, no fighting for any reason, and they shared their goods with each other They are well known for the style of furniture they created Shakers vowed to never marry, therefore they could not keep their community alive Reform To improve or change what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory Reforming Prisons & Asylums The movement to reform prisons and asylums was led by Dorothea Dix She helped set up mental hospitals, emphasizing rehabilitation and treatment rather than punishment Reforming Education The movement to reform education was led by Horace Mann He helped pass compulsory school laws (laws requiring school attendance), helped raise taxes for schools & teacher training programs. Second Great Awakening A religious movement that swept the country Appealed to common people Promoted the ideas of individualism and responsibility Revivals were started (open to blacks and whites) LEADER: Charles Finney (preacher) Religion & the Slavery Debate African Americans interpreted Christian messages as a promise of freedom for their people The Second Great Awakening brought people of all races together to worship together The North voiced it’s religious opposition to slavery, especially as it became more industrial Proslavery advocates used the Bible to defend slavery (citing passages about obedience) The abolition movement (movement to outlaw slavery) was fueled by religious leaders such as Charles Finney Nat Turner, a Virginian slave and preacher, interpreted an eclipse as a divine sign and lead a slave rebellion William Lloyd Garrison A white abolitionist and editor of the abolition newspaper, The Liberator. He called for the immediate emancipation of slaves (freeing without payment to slaveholders) Fredrick Douglass Born into slavery, but was taught by his master’s wife to read and write Escaped slavery Became a famous abolition speaker Started a newspaper called The North Star Defending Slavery Some used the Bible to defend slavery citing passages that encourage servants to obey their masters They believed that slavery benefited blacks by making them part of a prosperous, Christian civilization Women’s Rights Movement The Women’s Rights Movement of the 1830s was led by two female abolitions, Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott They were inspired by the abolition movement to make changes for women Lucretia Mott Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women’s Rights Reformers wanted more educational opportunities and healthcare In 1848, a women’s rights convention was held called the Seneca Falls Convention. There, the women issued a Declaration of Sentiments, outlining the rights that women were entitled to. Sojourner Truth An abolitionist who spoke out for women’s rights Temperance Movement The temperance movement was the movement to prohibit the drinking of alcohol This was a movement led mostly by women and churches Labor Reform Workers began to demand higher wages & shorter workdays Trade unions were established, groups of workers within the same trade that organized strikes