Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22704507A93972785 Scope: Global Language: English Dasyornis brachypterus, Eastern Bristlebird Assessment by: BirdLife International View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Dasyornis brachypterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22704507A93972785. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Aves Passeriformes Dasyornithidae Taxon Name: Dasyornis brachypterus (Latham, 1801) Common Name(s): • English: Eastern Bristlebird Taxonomic Source(s): del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK. Identification Information: 18-22 cm. Medium-sized, sturdy, grey-brown passerine. Sexes similar, female slightly smaller. Dark cinnamon-brown upperparts. Rufous-brown upperwing and uppertail. Grey-brown underparts, faintly scalloped. Grey-brown sides of belly and flanks. Brown undertail-coverts. Dull rufous-brown undertail. Red iris. Juvenile, pale brown iris. Similar spp. Similar in jizz and skulking behaviour to Rufous Scrub-bird Atrichornis rufescens but lacks barring on upperparts. Voice Frequent, ringing contact call, loud, melodious song and chattering, staccato, squeaky notes. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: October 1, 2016 Justification: This species is considered Endangered because it has a very small range. Its population comprises small and severely fragmented subpopulations. In the northern part of its distribution, the numbers of locations and birds are rapidly decreasing, but this has little effect on overall population numbers. Although numbers are presently stable, the threat of destructive fires in the majority of this species's habitat means that an overall future decline is very likely. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2013 – Endangered (EN) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22704507A48004986.en 2012 – Endangered (EN) 2008 – Endangered (EN) 2004 – Endangered (EN) 2000 – Endangered (EN) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 1 1996 – Vulnerable (VU) 1994 – Vulnerable (VU) 1988 – Threatened (T) Geographic Range Range Description: Dasyornis brachypterus is endemic to Australia. There are two subspecies; a northern race (monoides) in south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales and the nominate southern race (brachypterus) in eastern New South Wales and eastern Victoria. D. b. monoides is now Critically Endangered, falling from c.206 pairs in 1988 to c.16 pairs in 1997-1998 and c.13 pairs in 2006-2007 (D. Stewart in litt. 2007). There are currently thought to be fewer than 50 mature individuals in total (Garnett et al. 2011). Populations of D. b. brachypterus are stable at c.2,500 mature individuals (Garnett et al 2011). D. b. brachypterus subpopulations include about 1,250 mature individuals at Barren Grounds, 1,200 at Jervis Bay and 300 at Nadgee/Howe Flat. There are newly established subpopulations at Cataract of 50 individuals and about 10 at Red Rocks. Country Occurrence: Native: Australia © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 2 Distribution Map Dasyornis brachypterus © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 3 Population Garnett et al. (2011) estimate that the declining northern race (monoides) has a population of less than 50 mature individuals and the southern race (brachypterus) is stable at c. 2,500 mature individuals. The overall population is therefore estimated at around 2,550 mature individuals, roughly equivalent to 3,800 individuals in total. Trend Justification The northern subspecies has decreased from c.206 pairs in 1988 to c.13 pairs in 2007 (D. Stewart in litt. 2007), and although the nominate subspecies is considered stable at present, it is projected to decline in the future as it is likely to suffer declines in its area of occupancy, quality of habitat, and the number of mature individuals and sub-populations owing to destructive fires (Garnett and Crowley 2000). Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) The species is a ground-dwelling, semi-flightless passerine (Bain and McPhee 2005). The northern population (D. b. monoides) usually inhabits grass tussocks in open forest-woodland, close to rainforest which provides fire refuge. The southern population (D. b. brachypterus) lives in dense, low vegetation, particularly heath, but also in surrounding woodlands. Surveys have noted birds in shrubland dominated by Melaleuca spp. or Leptospermum grandifolium, heath dominated by Hakea teretifolia and Eucalyptus woodland (Bain and McPhee 2005). The impact of fire on the southern subpopulations is very context dependent, being mitigated by a combination of smaller fire size; available refuge habitat; and post-fire feral predator control (Bain et al. 2008, Lindenmayer et al. 2009). Extensive fire can be a catastrophic threat, eliminating the species for at least three years post-fire followed by increasing density until at least 15 years post-fire (Baker 1997). This increase is slower for sites with a post-fire age of over 14 years, compared with sites less than 10 years post-fire, suggesting that after 14 years, sites are reaching their carrying capacity (Bain and McPhee 2005). Feeds near the ground, mainly on small invertebrates with some seeds and small fruits (Gibson and Baker 2004). Breeds annually in spring, laying two eggs (Higgins and Peter 2002). They breed readily in captivity and appear to have high survival rates after translocation or captive breeding and release (Garnett et al. 2011). Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater Threats (see Appendix for additional information) The main threat to the northern population is an inappropriate fire regime resulting in unsuitable habitat. If fires are too frequent they eliminate tussocks and enable the invasion by introduced woody weeds. However, when fires are too infrequent the vegetation becomes too dense for nesting and becomes unsuitable habitat through mid-storey shrub and weed encroachment. The preferred fire regime for the northern population is between 3-6 years (Tasker and Watson pers. comm. 2016). Extensive fire is the main threat to the southern population. For the southern population, fire removes dense understorey vegetation, which is the species's preferred habitat (Baker 1997). The species was lost from 10 of 11 known locations in Victoria from fire during 1978–1994 (Clarke and Bramwell 1998). In New South Wales, fires almost eliminated it from Barren Grounds in 1968 and from Nadgee in 1980 (Baker 1998). Single fires could be catastrophic across Howe Flat and Nadgee or Barren Grounds and Budderoo (Baker 2000 in Garnett et al. 2011). Habitat is also degraded by feral pigs Sus scrofa and © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 4 domestic livestock. Other threats to the species include overgrazing, invasion of habitat by exotic weeds and predation by foxes Vulpes vulpes and feral cats Felis catus. Birdwatching may be a threat to the northern population, with repeated playback of calls having the potential to disturb breeding birds. Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions Underway The northern population has been the focus of extensive conservation actions. Fences and fire-breaks have been constructed. Research into preferred fire regimes is being completed in 2016 and results indicated a requirement for a frequent fire regime with interfire intervals of 3-6 years (Tasker and Watson pers. comm. 2016). Integrated fire and weed management is being implemented on key NSW sites. Some pig and cat control is undertaken. Vegetation monitoring sites are being established. The majority of the territories in the northern population have been mapped. Current efforts to locate occupied sites include using trained dogs in SE Queensland and NE New South Wales (I. Gynther in litt. 2016). This population is now the focus of an intense captive breeding programme with the aim of reestablishing the species at several sites. The three main southern populations in New South Wales (Barren Ground-Budderoo, Jervis Bay-Booderee and Nadgee Nature Reserve) have undergone surveys and initial ecological research. Habitat mapping has been conducted at Jervis Bay. Research has been conducted over three years into the ecology and translocation of 50 birds from Bhewerre Peninsula to Beecroft Peninsula in the Jervis Bay region, including habitat selection by the species after fire. A second translocation of approximately 50 birds from Barren Grounds Nature Reserve to Sydney Catchment Authority (SCA) lands has been undertaken. Other fire ecology research has been conducted. Research on the southern population has shown that not all habitat needs to be constantly maintained as greater than 14 years unburnt, as long as large, adjacent and long unburnt (for over 20 years) areas are protected for emigration from and recolonisation of more recently burnt areas (Bain et al. 2008, Lindenmayer et al. 2009). Annual monitoring is carried out at Jervis Bay National Park, Barren Grounds Nature Reserve and Nadgee Nature Reserve. At Nadgee, habitat monitoring is conducted every two years. Fox control is carried out for the Jervis Bay-Booderee and Barren Grounds-Budderoo populations. Weed control, particularly of Bitou Bush has been undertaken at Booderee National Park, though recent studies have shown that the species can utilise Bitou Bush as post-fire refugia. The vegetation where the northern population can be found is currently being investigated as to how it interacts with fire. Results indicate that most areas need to be burnt on a 4 – 5 year cycle to maintain a healthy understory (D. Stewart in litt. 2016).Conservation Actions Proposed Northern population: Continue to survey for a new population in the vicinity where the species once occurred. Release captive-bred birds into areas with small populations and where the species has been recently recorded. Southern population: Monitor populations annually. Monitor habitat every two years. Control foxes and weeds. Develop contingency plans for fire and conduct ecologically sensitive hazard reduction burns at central populations (Barren Grounds-Budderoo and Jervis Bay-Booderee National Parks) to reduce the impacts of large intense fires. Encourage public participation and provide information. Minimise the loss of habitat on private land from future residential and commercial developments in the Jervis Bay area. Retain and manage known or potential habitat corridors between reserves (OEH 2012). Continue to monitor the density of the species in long unburnt habitat and study the relationship between the species and the post-fire age of habitat (OEH 2012). Both populations: Determine a suitable fire management strategy. Continue studies on population genetics. Control weeds, foxes and cats. Credits © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 5 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A. Contributor(s): Oliver, D., Stewart, D., Gynther, I., Bain, D. & Baker, L. Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Benstead, P., Garnett, S., McClellan, R., Taylor, J., Allinson, T, Symes, A., North, A. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 6 Bibliography Bain, D., Baker, J., French, K. and Whelan, R. 2008. Post-fire recovery of eastern bristlebirds (Dasyornis brachypterus) is context-dependent. Wildlife Research 35 (1): 44-49. Bain, D.; McPhee, N. 2005. Resurveys of the Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus in centraleastern New South Wales 1999-2001: their relationship with fire and observer competence. Corella 29: 1-6. Baker. J. 1997. The decline, response to fire, status and management of the Eastern Bristlebird. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 3: 235-243. Baker, J. 1998. Eastern Bristlebird Recovery Plan 1997–2002. NSW NPWS, Sydney. Baker. J. 2000. The Eastern Bristlebird: Cover-dependent and fire sensitive. Emu 100: 286-298. Clarke, R.; Bramwell, M. 1998. The eastern bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus in East Gippsland, Victoria. Australian Bird Watcher 17: 245+. Collar, N. J.; Butchart, S. H. M. 2013. Conservation breeding and avian diversity: chances and challenges. International Zoo Yearbook 48(1): 7-28. Garnett, S. T.; Crowley, G. M. 2000. The action plan for Australian birds 2000. Environment Australia, Canberra. Garnett, S. T.; Szabo, J. K.; Dutson, G. 2011. The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Gibson, L. and Baker, J. 2004. Diet of the Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus in New South Wales. Corella 28: 79-81. Higgins, P. J.; Peter, J. M. 2002. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds: pardalotes to shrike-thrushes. Oxford University Press, Oxford. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 07 December 2016). Lindenmayer. D, MacGregor. C, Wood. J, Cunningham. R, Crane. M, Michael. D, Montague-Drake. R, Brown. D, Fortescue. M, Dexter. N, Hudson. M. and Gill. A. 2009. What factors influence rapid post-fire site re-occupancy? A case study of the endangered Eastern bristlebird in eastern Australia. Int. J. Wildland Fire 18(1): 84-95. OEH. 2012. National Recovery Plan for Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus. Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet (NSW), Sydney. Citation BirdLife International. 2016. Dasyornis brachypterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22704507A93972785. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 7 External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 8 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate Resident Suitable No 3. Shrubland -> 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes 4. Grassland -> 4.4. Grassland - Temperate Resident Suitable No 5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands Resident Suitable No Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming & ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significant declines Low impact: 5 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1. Recreational activities 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & fire suppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus) 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Sus scrofa) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en Negligible declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Low impact: 4 Medium impact: 6 Low impact: 5 Low impact: 5 Low impact: 5 9 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Vulpes vulpes) Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significant declines Low impact: 5 Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: Yes Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: Yes In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No Included in international legislation: No Subject to any international management/trade controls: No Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management 2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.2. Benign introduction 3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation 4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 10 Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology 1. Research -> 1.6. Actions 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends 3. Monitoring -> 3.4. Habitat trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 29 Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 102000 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Number of Locations: 6-10 Continuing decline in number of locations: Yes Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No Lower elevation limit (m): 0 Upper elevation limit (m): 1160 Population Number of mature individuals: 2550 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: Yes No. of subpopulations: 5 Continuing decline in subpopulations: Yes Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: No © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 11 Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes Generation Length (years): 3.2 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis brachypterus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704507A93972785.en 12 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™