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The Age of Napoleon
Standard 10.2
Just Some Facts About Napoleon
• Born in Corsica in 1769.
• He was not rich; he went to
military school on a
scholarship.
• Joined the French army and
quickly rose through the
ranks.
• Became a General and
returned to France as a hero.
• Helped overthrow the
Directory and made himself
First Consul.
He Wasn’t Necessarily Humble…
•
“… let that impatiently
awaited savior give a
sudden sign of his
existence, and the people’s
instinct will divine him and
call upon him… a whole
great nation, flying to see
him pass, will seem to be
saying: ‘Here is the man’….
A consecutive series of
great actions never is t he
result of chance and luck; it
always is the product of
planning and genius.”
• Napoleon
Napoleon changed the name of the Directory to the Consulate (borrowed from
Rome) and named himself First Consul – two years later he crowned himself
Emperor of France.
Those who did not agree that he
was the savior, saw him more as
the devil.
Napoleon’s Reforms
Peace with the Catholic Church
•
Peace with the
church:
Concordat of
1801
– The State
got to keep
the church
lands that
were
confiscated
by the first
phase of the
Revolution.
– Catholicism
was
recognized
as the
majority
religion in
France.
Crowning of Empress Josephine by Napoleon
Reforms Cont…
• Napoleonic (Civil)
Code: made one
standard law code for
everyone.
– Based on the principles of
everyone being equal
under the law.
– Religious toleration.
– Advancement based on a
job well-done and the
ability to perform the job
rather than a person’s
social class.
Napoleon’s Military
Accomplishments
• 1. France expanded all the
way to the Rhine.
• 2. Napoleon put his relatives
on the thrones of Spain,
Holland, Kingdom of Italy,
Swiss Republic, the Grand
Duchy of Warsaw and the
Confederation of the Rhine.
• Confederation of the Rhine:
An alliance of all of the
German states except Austria
and Prussia.
Napoleon the hero!
Napoleon’s Empire
Legacy of Napoleon
• Everywhere he went, he
spread the revolutionary ideas
of equality, liberty and
fraternity, economic reforms
and religious toleration.
• However, he also raised taxes
on the people he conquered,
making them view Napoleon
as an outsider and a tyrant.
• Nationalism – people who feel
pride in their country and will
fight to defend it to the death.
However, when he left, there were
always piles of dead bodies left behind.
Why Didn’t His Empire Last?
• 2 reasons
– The British were able
to create an alliance
with Russia, Prussia,
and Austria and fight
against Napoleon.
– Nationalism – people
didn’t want to be
taken over by a
foreign country.
The Grand Alliance
• Britain, Russia,
Prussia, and
Austria
• Napoleon saw the
British as his
greatest threat.
– He started the
Continental
System: a
blockade of British
goods.
– Britain responded
by finding new
markets in Asia,
Africa and the
Middle East.
Oops!
Napoleon’s Army Entering
Russia…
Napoleon’s Army Leaving
Russia.
• Napoleon made a mistake when he attacked Russia and got stuck
in the infamous Russian Winter.
– Scorched Earth Policy.
– 560,000 men died or were taken prisoner.
The Defeat of Napoleon
• Paris was taken in
1814, and Napoleon
was exiled to the island
of Elba (Italy).
• While he was gone, the
European powers put a
weak king on the
French throne. The
French people wanted
Napoleon back.
• Napoleon slipped back
into France and raised
an army to fight.
Waterloo
• Napoleon marched
on to Waterloo,
Belgium where he
met a Prussian and
British army. He
was defeated.
• They sent him to a
small island in the
Atlantic called St.
Helena where he
lived until he died,
young, in 1821.
• Very sad.
Congress of Vienna
• Point: to restore
stability and peace to
Europe after years of
war and revolution
• The Players:
Clemens von
Metternich of Austria,
Czar Alexander I of
Russia, Lord Robert
Castlereagh of
Britain and Prince
Charles Maurice
Talleyrand of France.
Congress of Vienna
The Goals of the Congress
Establish a balance of
power in Europe:
Changed the
boundaries of Europe
in order to contain
certain ambitious
countries.
• Restore the Kings!
They restored the
monarchs that
Napoleon had
unseated.
• Quadruple Alliance –
pledged to stick
together to fight
against any future
revolutions.
Future Problems
• They redrew the map of
Europe without thinking
about ethnic groups or
nationalism.
• They underestimated the
power of Nationalism that
had spread.
• Germany wanted to be a
strong unified nation.
• The spirit of the revolution
didn’t die! The people
wanted to move forwards,
not backwards!