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Transcript
Blood Its “Bloody” Awesome! Introduction to Blood • Blood is the fluid component to the cardiovascular system • It is a connective tissue because it contains a ground substance, specialized cells and extracellular proteins • It circulates around the body to provide nutrients and transport wastes Introduction to Blood • Blood has several specific jobs • Transporting dissolved gasses • Regulating pH and ion concentrations • Carrying nutrients • Restricting fluid loss at injury sites • Defense of the body • Stabilizing body temperature Introduction to Blood • There are between 4 – 6 liters of blood in your body • Females are normally between 4 and 5 • Males are normally between 5 and 6 • However body size does play a large role in the amount of blood needed Introduction to Blood • Blood has two different main components • Plasma is the fluid matrix of blood (46%-63%) • It contains proteins, solutes and water • Formed elements are blood cells and cell fragments that suspended in plasma (37%-54%) Introduction to Blood • You may be wondering why there was such a large variation of percentages for plasma and formed elements • This is because the percentage of whole blood volume that is formed elements (the hematocrit) is different for each person • Gender, diet, age, hydration levels and pregnancy all play with the numbers Plasma • Plasma is made up of three major divisions 1. Plasma proteins (~7%) are mostly released by the liver • These proteins are generally large and globular in nature • They do not normally cross capillary walls • They can bind to molecules, clot blood and help regulate osmotic pressure Plasma • Plasma contains a large number of dissolved particles 2. Solutes (~1%) make up a small amount of blood but have a large impact • These solutes can be used in ATP production, help cellular activities and be the waste products of cellular activities Plasma 3. Water makes up a large volume of plasma (~92%) • While water may not seem to be a large part of blood, it is important in several ways • It regulates the viscosity of the blood, allows passive transport and supplies H2O for various cell processes Formed Elements • Formed elements also have three different parts 1. Platelets account for a small percentage of formed elements (<.1%) but play a large role • These play a huge role in the clotting of blood Formed Elements • Formed elements are made mostly of red blood cells 2. Erythrocytes (RBCs) are the cells that are specialized for the transport of oxygen in the blood • They account for 99.9% of the formed elements within the blood • They contain a molecule called hemoglobin that binds O2 and CO2 Formed Elements • The other small fractions of formed elements are white blood cells 3. Leukocytes (WBCs) make up a small total of formed elements (<.1%) but are essential in the body’s defense • There are five major categories of leukocytes Video • https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=CRh_dAzXuoU Hemoglobin • Hemoglobin is a protein that makes up 95% of a RBCs proteins • It is responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide within the RBC • Each RBC contains about 280 million molecules of hemoglobin Hemoglobin • Hemoglobin oxygen concentrations are directly proportional to the level of oxygen within the plasma • When plasma oxygen levels are low, hemoglobin will release oxygen • In the spots where oxygen used to be, CO2 is taken up • This happens near oxygen needy cells Hemoglobin • When oxygen levels in the plasma are high, hemoglobin will release CO2 and take up O2 • This happens most commonly in the lungs when oxygen rich air is directly transported into the blood stream Hemoglobin • The level of hemoglobin within the blood is important • Without proper levels of hemoglobin, the body cannot get enough O2 to the cells that need it most • Low hemoglobin levels are called anemia and can result in weakness, lethargy and confusion • Normal hemoglobin levels are 1418 g/dL in males and 12-16 g/dL in females • This is what you get tested when you give blood How It’s Made • We previously learned that RBCs were made by red marrow • However, the story is a bit more detailed than that • The formation, functionality and removal of RBCs is a system that requires multiple steps and organ systems How It’s Made • RBCs undergo severe stress • A round trip circulation from the heart and back is generally under a minute • This creates scenarios where they are damaged over time • New RBCs are needed to replace ones that have been damaged • RBCs are replaced ~120 days into their circulation • They can travel 700 miles in this short span How It’s Made • When the cell membrane is damaged or other physical damage happens to the RBC, phagocytes attach to it • These large molecules will engulf the RBC and recycle the important components • The iron is released so it can be reincorporated into the marrow How It’s Made • The remainder of the hemoglobin molecule eventually gets turned into bilirubin • Bilirubin is an orange and yellow pigment that is an important component in bile • Bile is formed in the liver and is important in the digestion of fats How It’s Made • If there are any problems absorbing the bilirubin or if there is a malfunction in the bile ducts, jaundice is seen • Jaundice is a typical indicator of liver problems and is easily seen when yellow coloring is seen in the skin and eyes • It can be an indicator that severe problems are happening • It can also happen in newborns that are not efficient at recycling RBCs Video • https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=RRV-9Jf0eI0 Blood Type • There are 8 major blood types • These blood types are categorized into A, B, AB and O • The letter corresponds to the type of surface antigen on the RBCs • It also corresponds with the type of antibodies that your body contains Blood Type • People with type A blood have an antigen that is similar to type A blood • They also have anti type B antibodies • During a transfusion, their antibodies will attack anything with type B blood Blood Type • People with type B blood have an antigen that is similar to type B blood • They also have anti type A antibodies • During a transfusion, their antibodies will attack anything with type A blood Blood Type • People with type AB blood have an antigen that is similar to type A blood and an antigen that similar to type B blood • They contain no antibodies that will attack and kill blood cells • This makes them universal acceptors Blood Type • People with type O blood have no antigens on the surface of their blood • They also have anti type A antibodies and anti type B antibodies • During a transfusion, their antibodies will attack anything that is not O blood • These are known as universal donors Rh Factor • Blood types are also classified as Rh(+) or Rh(-) • Rh stands for Rhesus, a type of monkey that the antigens were discovered in • If there is a surface antigen on the RBCs the are labeled as Rh(+) • People that are Rh(+) do not have anti-Rh antibodies Rh Factor • People that are Rh(-) do not have the Rh antigen on their RBCs • They contain the anti-Rh antibodies • People with Rh(-) blood cannot receive blood from Rh(+) donors • People with Rh(+) blood can receive from everyone Rh Factor • When a blood type that is not compatible enters the blood stream, the body treats it like any other invader • The body’s antibodies attach to it • This causes the blood to clump and clot • It also marks it for destruction by the bodies immune system Rh Factor • This becomes especially important for second time expectant mothers • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can result from the mixing of blood types • It can range in severity • Some don’t even notice • Some can have dangerous or fatal consequences Rh Factor • The first fetus can be a different blood type • During the first pregnancy the mother will have limited exposure to fetal blood cells which stimulates the immune system to create antibodies • The next pregnancies have to be protected by administering a shot that destroys antibodies during the 26-28 week range Demo • https://www.nobelprize.org/edu cational/medicine/bloodtypingg ame/ Video • https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=HQWlcSp9Sls