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Blood
Its “Bloody” Awesome!
Introduction to Blood
• Blood is the fluid component to
the cardiovascular system
• It is a connective tissue because
it contains a ground substance,
specialized cells and extracellular
proteins
• It circulates around the body to
provide nutrients and transport
wastes
Introduction to Blood
• Blood has several specific jobs
• Transporting dissolved gasses
• Regulating pH and ion
concentrations
• Carrying nutrients
• Restricting fluid loss at injury
sites
• Defense of the body
• Stabilizing body temperature
Introduction to Blood
• There are between 4 – 6 liters of
blood in your body
• Females are normally between 4
and 5
• Males are normally between 5
and 6
• However body size does play a
large role in the amount of blood
needed
Introduction to Blood
• Blood has two different main
components
• Plasma is the fluid matrix of
blood (46%-63%)
• It contains proteins, solutes and
water
• Formed elements are blood cells
and cell fragments that
suspended in plasma (37%-54%)
Introduction to Blood
• You may be wondering why
there was such a large variation
of percentages for plasma and
formed elements
• This is because the percentage
of whole blood volume that is
formed elements (the
hematocrit) is different for each
person
• Gender, diet, age, hydration
levels and pregnancy all play
with the numbers
Plasma
• Plasma is made up of three major
divisions
1. Plasma proteins (~7%) are
mostly released by the liver
• These proteins are generally large
and globular in nature
• They do not normally cross
capillary walls
• They can bind to molecules, clot
blood and help regulate osmotic
pressure
Plasma
• Plasma contains a large number
of dissolved particles
2. Solutes (~1%) make up a small
amount of blood but have a large
impact
• These solutes can be used in ATP
production, help cellular
activities and be the waste
products of cellular activities
Plasma
3. Water makes up a large volume
of plasma (~92%)
• While water may not seem to be
a large part of blood, it is
important in several ways
• It regulates the viscosity of the
blood, allows passive transport
and supplies H2O for various cell
processes
Formed Elements
• Formed elements also have
three different parts
1. Platelets account for a small
percentage of formed
elements (<.1%) but play a
large role
• These play a huge role in the
clotting of blood
Formed Elements
• Formed elements are made
mostly of red blood cells
2. Erythrocytes (RBCs) are the
cells that are specialized for the
transport of oxygen in the blood
• They account for 99.9% of the
formed elements within the
blood
• They contain a molecule called
hemoglobin that binds O2 and
CO2
Formed Elements
• The other small fractions of
formed elements are white
blood cells
3. Leukocytes (WBCs) make up a
small total of formed elements
(<.1%) but are essential in the
body’s defense
• There are five major categories
of leukocytes
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=CRh_dAzXuoU
Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin is a protein that
makes up 95% of a RBCs
proteins
• It is responsible for carrying
oxygen and carbon dioxide
within the RBC
• Each RBC contains about 280
million molecules of hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin oxygen
concentrations are directly
proportional to the level of
oxygen within the plasma
• When plasma oxygen levels are
low, hemoglobin will release
oxygen
• In the spots where oxygen used
to be, CO2 is taken up
• This happens near oxygen needy
cells
Hemoglobin
• When oxygen levels in the
plasma are high, hemoglobin will
release CO2 and take up O2
• This happens most commonly in
the lungs when oxygen rich air is
directly transported into the
blood stream
Hemoglobin
• The level of hemoglobin within the
blood is important
• Without proper levels of
hemoglobin, the body cannot get
enough O2 to the cells that need it
most
• Low hemoglobin levels are called
anemia and can result in weakness,
lethargy and confusion
• Normal hemoglobin levels are 1418 g/dL in males and 12-16 g/dL in
females
• This is what you get tested when you
give blood
How It’s Made
• We previously learned that RBCs
were made by red marrow
• However, the story is a bit more
detailed than that
• The formation, functionality and
removal of RBCs is a system that
requires multiple steps and
organ systems
How It’s Made
• RBCs undergo severe stress
• A round trip circulation from the
heart and back is generally under a
minute
• This creates scenarios where they
are damaged over time
• New RBCs are needed to replace
ones that have been damaged
• RBCs are replaced ~120 days into
their circulation
• They can travel 700 miles in this
short span
How It’s Made
• When the cell membrane is
damaged or other physical
damage happens to the RBC,
phagocytes attach to it
• These large molecules will engulf
the RBC and recycle the
important components
• The iron is released so it can be
reincorporated into the marrow
How It’s Made
• The remainder of the
hemoglobin molecule eventually
gets turned into bilirubin
• Bilirubin is an orange and yellow
pigment that is an important
component in bile
• Bile is formed in the liver and is
important in the digestion of fats
How It’s Made
• If there are any problems
absorbing the bilirubin or if there is
a malfunction in the bile ducts,
jaundice is seen
• Jaundice is a typical indicator of
liver problems and is easily seen
when yellow coloring is seen in the
skin and eyes
• It can be an indicator that severe
problems are happening
• It can also happen in newborns
that are not efficient at recycling
RBCs
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=RRV-9Jf0eI0
Blood Type
• There are 8 major blood types
• These blood types are
categorized into A, B, AB and O
• The letter corresponds to the
type of surface antigen on the
RBCs
• It also corresponds with the type
of antibodies that your body
contains
Blood Type
• People with type A blood have
an antigen that is similar to type
A blood
• They also have anti type B
antibodies
• During a transfusion, their
antibodies will attack anything
with type B blood
Blood Type
• People with type B blood have
an antigen that is similar to type
B blood
• They also have anti type A
antibodies
• During a transfusion, their
antibodies will attack anything
with type A blood
Blood Type
• People with type AB blood have
an antigen that is similar to type
A blood and an antigen that
similar to type B blood
• They contain no antibodies that
will attack and kill blood cells
• This makes them universal
acceptors
Blood Type
• People with type O blood have
no antigens on the surface of
their blood
• They also have anti type A
antibodies and anti type B
antibodies
• During a transfusion, their
antibodies will attack anything
that is not O blood
• These are known as universal
donors
Rh Factor
• Blood types are also classified as
Rh(+) or Rh(-)
• Rh stands for Rhesus, a type of
monkey that the antigens were
discovered in
• If there is a surface antigen on
the RBCs the are labeled as
Rh(+)
• People that are Rh(+) do not
have anti-Rh antibodies
Rh Factor
• People that are Rh(-) do not
have the Rh antigen on their
RBCs
• They contain the anti-Rh
antibodies
• People with Rh(-) blood cannot
receive blood from Rh(+) donors
• People with Rh(+) blood can
receive from everyone
Rh Factor
• When a blood type that is not
compatible enters the blood
stream, the body treats it like
any other invader
• The body’s antibodies attach to
it
• This causes the blood to clump
and clot
• It also marks it for destruction by
the bodies immune system
Rh Factor
• This becomes especially
important for second time
expectant mothers
• Hemolytic disease of the
newborn (HDN) can result from
the mixing of blood types
• It can range in severity
• Some don’t even notice
• Some can have dangerous or
fatal consequences
Rh Factor
• The first fetus can be a different
blood type
• During the first pregnancy the
mother will have limited
exposure to fetal blood cells
which stimulates the immune
system to create antibodies
• The next pregnancies have to be
protected by administering a
shot that destroys antibodies
during the 26-28 week range
Demo
• https://www.nobelprize.org/edu
cational/medicine/bloodtypingg
ame/
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=HQWlcSp9Sls