Download Document

MODULE FIVE
Communicable
Diseases
and Disease
Prevention
Objectives:
Participants will:
• Understand tooth decay and its causes.
• Understand the importance of flossing and
brushing as they relate to good oral hygiene.
• Understand the importance of eating a
variety of healthy foods from each group in
the Food Guide Pyramid.
• Understand appropriate serving sizes.
Health Protection and
Promotion Act – 1999:
Responsible for overseeing the organization and
delivery of public health programs and services to
prevent the spread of disease.
Communicable Diseases
• A disease that spreads from person to
person
• Caused by germs that result in an
infection
• Healthy behaviors can help keep your
body healthy
Contamination
• The presence of an infectious agent on
a body surface, on or in clothes,
beddings, toys, surgical instruments or
dressings, or other articles or
substances including water and food
Host
• A person or an animal that affords
subsistence or lodgement to an
infectious agent under natural
conditions. Types include: an obligate
host, definitive (primary) host,
intermediate host and a transport host.
Epidemic
• “The unusual occurrence in a
community of disease, specific health
related behavior, or other health
related events clearly in excess of
expected occurrence”
• (epi= upon; demos= people)
• Epidemics can occur upon endemic
states too.
Determinants of
Prevention
• Successful prevention depends upon:
–
–
–
–
a knowledge of causation,
dynamics of transmission,
identification of risk factors and risk groups,
availability of prophylactic or early detection and
treatment measures,
– an organization for applying these measures to
appropriate persons or groups, and
– continuous evaluation of and development of
procedures applied
Control
• Concept of control:
The term disease control describes ongoing
operations aimed at reducing:
– The incidence of disease
– The duration of disease and consequently the risk
of transmission
– The effects of infection, including both the
physical and psychosocial complications
– The financial burden to the community.
Contagious disease
• A contagious disease is the one that is
transmitted through contact. Examples
include scabies, trachoma, STD and
leprosy.
Types of Disease
prevention
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
Information for this section taken from the following source: The Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases.
http://www.CDC.gov/ncidod/op/handwashing.htm
Primary prevention:
Activities that take place before a disease
or injury is present to prevent it from
occurring. For example:
•
•
•
•
Vaccination for chicken pox
Education on the dangers of smoking
Wearing sunscreen to prevent skin cancer
Wearing a seatbelt to prevent injury
Secondary prevention:
Activities that take place once the disease
has already occurred to help treat, reverse,
or stop the illness. For example:
• Testing for certain
diseases like scoliosis.
• Treating diseases with
medicine, like diabetes
and high cholesterol.
Tertiary prevention:
Rehabilitation activities that will help the
patient lead a normal life once the disease
has already caused illness or injury. For
example:
• Physical therapy after an accident
• Oxygen for those with breathing problems
• Asthma treatments
Other primary prevention
methods:
• Hand washing
– Stops bacteria and viruses
from spreading.
• Isolating those who are ill
– Stay home from school if
you are sick
What factors affect health?
• Genetics—certain diseases might run in your
family
• Behavior such as smoking or using drugs
• Physical environment such as air or water
pollution
• Access to health care; for example, lack of
transportation to the doctor
• Income; for example, lack of health insurance
• Education; for example, being unaware
of the risks of certain behavior
What determines a person’s
health behavior?
• What they
were taught
• Emotions
• Education
• Social status
• Environment
• Perception
of risk
Chronic diseases:
A disease lasting three months or more, that
cannot be prevented or cured by medicine.
•
•
•
•
•
Very common
Most are preventable
Usually leads to a long course of illness
Usually develops slowly
Usually progresses over time
–
–
–
–
Heart disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Asthma
Infectious diseases:
Diseases that can be
carried and transmitted
by humans or animals by
different routes.
Airborne route:
• Bacteria and viruses are transmitted through
small particles in the air.
• They must be able to live outside the body for a
long period of time.
• They enter the body via the respiratory tract.
• Common cold
• Influenza (the flu)
• Tuberculosis (TB)
Fecal-Oral route:
•
•
•
•
Organisms that live in the digestive tract.
Usually come from contaminated food.
Lack of hand washing spreads the organisms.
Improper cooking and storing of food
can spread:
• E. coli bacteria
• Salmonella bacteria
• Hepatitis A virus
Direct contact:
•
•
•
•
•
Person-to-person
Touching
Kissing
Sexual contact
Body lesions
(sores or open
areas)
Indirect contact:
Person is infected by coming into contact with
contaminated surfaces such as:
•
•
•
•
Doorknobs and light fixtures
Computers
Toys
Phones
Vector-borne:
Transmitted by animals or insects, such as:
• Mosquitoes
(West Nile virus)
• Raccoons
(rabies)
• Ticks
(Lyme disease)
Borne by droplets:
• Transmitted by large droplets from the eyes,
nose, or mouth, usually too large to be
airborne for long.
– Measles
– SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome – noted outbreak in China)
Summary:
• Health can be affected by: genetics,
behavior, physical environment, access to
healthcare, income, and education.
• There are three types of disease prevention:
primary, secondary, and tertiary disease
prevention.
• Disease can be spread by different types of
transmission, such as airborne, vectors,
direct contact, and droplets.
MODULE SIX:
Oral Health
What is tooth decay?
Information for this section taken from the following source: The
American Dental Association; www.ADA.org
A disease
of the teeth
caused by
sugars and
bacteria.
What is plaque?
A sticky substance
made up of bacteria
and food that
adheres to the teeth.
When the bacteria come into contact with foods
that are high in sugars, the plaque produces
acids that stick to the teeth.
Can plaque be removed?
Yes, with good oral hygiene that includes:
• Brushing teeth at least twice a day to remove plaque
on the surface of the teeth.
• Daily flossing to remove plaque between the teeth.
• Rinsing with mouthwash if you cannot use a
toothbrush.
What is a cavity?
A cavity is an actual hole
in the tooth that
is caused by the acid
eating away at the tooth.
What are the best ways to
keep teeth and gums
healthy?
•
•
•
•
Proper nutrition
Dental exams
Proper brushing
Proper flossing
What happens if you don’t
take care of your teeth?
• Cavities
• Root canals and
loss of teeth
• Dentures
• Bridges
• Partial plates
Halitosis
• Bad breath is usually related
to bacteria that live in the
mouth.
• Bacteria consume foods
and excrete wastes.
• Some of those wastes are sulfur compounds;
when they are given off, it causes bad breath.
Even worse…
Oral infections can become systemic
(spread) to other parts of the body
including the heart or bloodstream.
Eating for oral health
• Limit foods that are high in sugar.
• For snacks, choose healthy foods that are not
sticky.
• Chew sugarless gum.
• Raw fruits and
vegetables are great
for your teeth.
Dental exams: Primary
Prevention
Visit your
dentist at
least twice
a year.
Proper brushing and
flossing:
• Brush teeth at least twice a day to remove the
food particles and bacteria that can turn to
plaque and cause decay.
• Floss teeth at least once a day to remove food
particles that get stuck below the gum line and
can cause gum disease.
Summary:
• Bad breath is caused by bacteria.
• Dental disease can be prevented.
• Tooth plaque is also caused by bacteria.
MODULE SIX:
Nutrition
The information in this section has been adapted from the
USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.
Http://www.usda.gov/fcs/cnpp.htm
Why is good nutrition so
important?
• Lowers risk of many chronic diseases such
as heart disease and diabetes.
• Helps to maintain a healthy weight.
• Provides people with more energy.
What is a “healthy diet”?
Information for this section taken from the following Web site:
www.mypyramid.gov
The United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) Dietary Guidelines describe a healthy
diet as one that:
• Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains,
and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products;
• Includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs,
and nuts; and
• Is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol,
salt (sodium), and added sugars.
Food tips:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vary your veggies
Focus on fruit
Go lean with protein
Get your calcium
rich foods
Make half your grains whole
Find your balance between food and
physical activity
Limit sugar intake:
• Foods high in sugar
often have too many
calories and not
enough nutrients.
• Sugar also promotes
tooth decay.
Limit salty foods:
Salty foods can
increase your risk
of high blood
pressure.
Choose a diet high in fruits,
vegetables and grain products.
These foods provide
vitamins, minerals, fiber
and complex
carbohydrates.
Eat foods that are low in
fat, saturated fat and
cholesterol.
This will reduce your
risk of heart attack,
certain cancers, and
will help maintain a
healthy weight.
Limit alcohol intake:
Alcohol is high in
calories and provides
little or no nutrition.
Summary:
• Try to stay away from high fat, high sugar, high salt
foods and alcohol.
• A healthy diet includes fruits, vegetables, and grains.
• A healthy diet is very important because it lowers your
risk of many chronic diseases. It helps to maintain a
healthy weight and provides more energy.
• Exercise is important, too.