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U.S.-China Relations Maoist Era (1949 - 1976) Main foreign policy makers Mao Zedong (CCP and PRC Chairman) Zhou Enlai (Premier and Foreign Minister) Cold War Alliance with Soviet Union in 1950s Mao Zedong: ``lean on one side” Alliance with ``Third World” in 1960s Replaced ROC in United Nations in 1971 Normalize with United States in 1970s Alliance with United States in 1980s Break the Ice in 1970s PRC-USA adversary in 1950s and 1960s Growing threat from Soviet Union Mao said to Edgar Snow in 1970: ``If Nixon would come I’ll talk with him” ``Ping-pong diplomacy” in 1971 Nixon in China (1972) Ford in China (1975) Deng Xiaoping’s Strategies One Focus economic modernization Two themes: ``peace and development” relatively peaceful world is favorable for domestic economic construction trade, investment, and economic cooperation Diplomatic Relation (1979) 1978-12-16: ``Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America" 1979-01-01: P.R. China and the U.S. formally established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level Deng Xiaoping visits US Post-Cold War PRC perceives a world with ``only one superpower but many great powers” PRC’s principal national interest defined as economic modernization PRC diplomacy seeks to maintain conditions conducive to continued economic growth Japan and US Direct Investment in Mainland China (in billion US$) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Japan US Trade Partners in 2012 PRC Strategies since 1996 Reassure neighbors that China’s development doesn’t pose threat but offers opportunities Partner (but not ally) with major powers (U.S., Russia, European Union, Japan, etc.) Great Power Partnerships Stable relations w/o targeting 3rd party Promote extensive economic relations Downplay disagreements on domestic issues in the interest of working together on matters of shared concern Routine official visits, especially military exchange & summit meetings Cooperative Partnership “Constructive strategic partnership”(1997) Cooperative working relationship trade and investment UN security council export controls of military technology fight against international terrorism contain tensions in Korea and South Asia Taiwan Issue Most sensitive issue in PRC-US relations 3 US-PRC Joint Communiqués 1972 1978 1982 Taiwan Relations Act 1979 Taiwan Issue Visits to US by high officials from Taiwan Does it violate 1978 Communiqué? Arms sale to Taiwan Does it violate 1982 Communiqué? 1972-02-28 Communiqué The U.S. side declared: The United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China that Taiwan is a part of China 1978-12-16 Communiqué Reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communiqué US recognizes the Government of the PRC as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan Diplomatic Relation (1979) The U.S. announced the severance of its diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan) the withdrawal of its troops from Taiwan the ceasing of the U.S.-R.O.C. Joint Defense Treaty within 1979 1982-08-17 Communiqué P.R.C-U.S. Communiqué: U.S. does not seek to carry out a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed the level of those supplied in recent years intends gradually to reduce its sale of arms to Taiwan, leading, over a period of time, to a final resolution Tests of the Partnership US bombed PRC embassy in Belgrade in 1999 Mid-air collision of US and Chinese military planes in 2001 Human rights in China Political dissidents Religious freedom