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U.S.-China Relations • Institutions • Ideologies • Interests Maoist Era (1949 - 1976) • Main foreign policy makers – Mao Zedong (CCP and PRC Chairman) – Zhou Enlai (Premier and Foreign Minister) Cold War • Alliance with Soviet Union in 1950s – Mao Zedong: ``lean on one side” • Alliance with ``Third World” in 1960s – Replaced ROC in United Nations in 1971 • Normalize with United States in 1970s • Alliance with United States in 1980s Break the Ice in 1970s • PRC-USA adversary in 1950s and 1960s • Growing threat from Soviet Union • Mao said to Edgar Snow in 1970: ``If Nixon would come I’ll talk with him” • ``Ping-pong diplomacy” in 1971 Nixon in China (1972) Ford in China (1975) Deng Xiaoping’s Strategies • One Focus – economic modernization • Two themes: ``peace and development” – relatively peaceful world is favorable for domestic economic construction – trade, investment, and economic cooperation Diplomatic Relation (1979) • 1978-12-16: ``Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America" • 1979-01-01: P.R. China and the U.S. formally established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level Deng Xiaoping visits US Post-Cold War • PRC perceives a world with ``only one superpower but many great powers” • PRC’s principal national interest defined as economic modernization • PRC diplomacy seeks to maintain conditions conducive to continued economic growth PRC Strategies since 1996 • Reassure neighbors that China’s development doesn’t pose threat but offers opportunities • Partner (but not ally) with major powers (U.S., Russia, European Union, Japan, etc.) Great Power Partnerships • Stable relations w/o targeting 3rd party • Promote extensive economic relations • Downplay disagreements on domestic issues in the interest of working together on matters of shared concern • Routine official visits, especially military exchange & summit meetings Cooperative Partnership • “Constructive strategic partnership”(1997) • Cooperative working relationship – trade and investment – UN security council – export controls of military technology – fight against international terrorism – contain tensions in Korea and South Asia Taiwan Issue • Most sensitive issue in PRC-US relations • 3 US-PRC Joint Communiqués – 1972, 1978, and 1982 • Taiwan Relations Act (1979) • Visits to US by high officials from Taiwan – Does it violate 1978 Communiqué? • Arms sale to Taiwan – Does it violate 1982 Communiqué? 1972-02-28 Communiqué • The U.S. side declared: The United States acknowledges – that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China – that Taiwan is a part of China 1978-12-16 Communiqué • Reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communiqué • US recognizes the Government of the PRC as the sole legal Government of China. 1978-12-16 Communiqué • Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan Diplomatic Relation (1979) • The U.S. announced – the severance of its diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan) – the withdrawal of its troops from Taiwan – the ceasing of the U.S.-R.O.C. Joint Defense Treaty • within 1979 1982-08-17 Communiqué • P.R.C-U.S. Communiqué: U.S. – does not seek to carry out a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan – arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed the level of those supplied in recent years – intends gradually to reduce its sale of arms to Taiwan, leading, over a period of time, to a final resolution Tests of the Partnership • US bombed PRC embassy in Belgrade in 1999 • Mid-air collision of US and Chinese military planes in 2001 • Human rights in China – Political dissidents – Religious freedom