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The Renaissance 1485-1660 Anglo-Saxon Period 450-1066 (616 years) *- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * 499 Angles and Saxons invade 700 Beowulf written down Middle Ages 1066-1485 (419 years) *- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * 1343-1400 Chaucer lived 1370 Sir Gawain & the Green Knight 1476 Printing reaches England Renaissance 1485 – 1660 (175 years) *--------* 1492 Columbus 1558 Elizabeth I 1498 Michelangelo 1564 Shakespeare 1503 da Vinci 1599 Globe Theatre 1517 Martin Luther 1609 Galileo 1519 Magellan 1611 King James Bible 1531 Henry VIII 1620 Mayflower 1543 Copernicus 1632 Taj Mahal 1553 Bloody Mary 1660 Milton The Renaissance: 1485–1660 Beginning in the late 1400s, the English Renaissance marked changes in people’s values, beliefs, and behavior. 1534 Henry VIII Breaks with Church 1450 1500 1500s Humanism 1550 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1600 1558–1603 Reign of Elizabeth I 1650 1600s Decline of the Renaissance 1700 Renaissance • Means “rebirth” • Renewed interest in classical learning (began studying the writings of Ancient Greece and Rome) • People who could read were encouraged to read church texts. • People became more curious about themselves and their world – renewal of the human spirit, curiosity, and creativity. • A “Renaissance Man or person” is someone who was an energetic and productive human interested in science, literature, history, art, and other subjects. Renaissance Begins • First began in Italy (14th Century) • Many famous people lived during this time – Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Christopher Columbus, Galileo, etc. Humanism ** An intellectual movement known as humanism began to use the Latin and Greek classics, combined with traditional Christian thought, to teach people how to live and how to rule. The humanists • revived old Greek and Latin classics • studied the Bible and the classics to explore questions such as “What is a good life?” • made history, literature, and philosophy popular again Humanism • Humanists looked to the old Latin and Greek classics to discover answers to questions such as “What is a good life?” “What is a human being?” and “How do I lead a good life?” • Humanists believed in the answers that Christianity provided and had no conflicts with the church. • Humanists simply sought to strengthen, not discredit Christianity – harmonize the two wisdoms. • “The aim of life is to attain virtue, not success or money or fame, because virtue is the best possible human possession and the only source of true happiness.” **Would this be the belief today? Humanism Two Friends—Two Humanists Sir Thomas More • English lawyer • wrote Utopia • held important offices • beheaded by order of Henry VIII Desiderius Erasmus • Dutch monk • traveled throughout Europe • taught Greek *Both wrote in Latin; loved laughter, life classical learning, were dedicated churchmen but were impatient abut corrupt church practices. *Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More, humanists and close friends, helped shape European thought and history. Three Friends — Not Humanists New Technology: Printing • Before printing, all books were written by hand. • Johannes Gutenberg – a German, invented printing with moveable type in 1455 • First book Gutenberg printed . . . . • By 1500 inexpensive books were available throughout Europe • 1476 printing reached England, William Caxton set up a printing press in Westminster * Gutenberg’s press helped spread knowledge, making more books available than ever before. The Renaissance Church • Almost everyone in Europe and Britain was Roman Catholic, so the Church was very rich and powerful (even in politics) • Popes were patrons of artists, architects, and scholars • As rich and powerful as the church was, there were many who were dissatisfied with the church. • During the Renaissance, the Reformation also occurred. • Reformation occurred in many countries, but feelings were still the same. • Reformers rejected the authority of the pope and the Italian churchmen. The Renaissance Church (cont.) • By the 1530s an open break with the Roman Church could not be avoided. • Certain events made a break with the church possible – strong feelings of patriotism – new religious ideas • Martin Luther founded a new kind of Christianity based on a personal understanding of the Bible. • More and Erasmus even spoke out against the church. • The church had been around for a long time and needed reform, and other events were happening that would help make the break possible . . . Henry VII – Family Tree Henry VII [ Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon { Mary Anne Boleyn { Elizabeth Jane Seymour Anne Catherine of Cleves Howard { Edward { Edward IV { Mary { Elizabeth Catherine Parr Henry VII • A Tudor, became king and started a new royal line, he seized the throne after the long battle of the War of the Roses. • Shrewd, patient, but stingy, restored peace and order to the kingdom without which the Renaissance would not have been possible. Henry VIII • Had six wives, he was a practicing Catholic until the Pope would not grant him an annulment from his wife Catherine, she had a daughter which was not a proper heir and he was in love with Anne Boleyn, when the Pope refused Henry a divorce he declared himself head of the English church. • Important king, created a Royal Navy which helped to stop foreign invasions and increased England’s power • He was a true “Renaissance Man,” wrote poetry, played many musical instruments, athletic, hunter, humanistic learner, writer. • Coarse and arrogant in his old age King Vs. Pope/Church • The old conflict between the pope and the king of England came to a climax when Henry VIII wanted to get a divorce. • He asked the pope for a favor – to say that he was not properly married. • The pope refused, so Henry declared himself head of the English Church and appointed a new archbishop of Canterbury who granted his divorce. • Sir Thomas More, now Lord Chancellor of England, did not agree with Henry. Henry had him beheaded. • Many who wanted reform felt that the new church was not reformed enough. Henry VIII Breaks with the Church Annulment An annulment cancels or puts an end to a marriage. The children of an annulled couple become illegitimate. Divorce was not allowed, so Henry was looking for a loophole. He asked Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage, that is, declare that he was not properly married to Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII Breaks with the Church Protestant Reformation After 1534 • Henry closes monasteries • Protestantism begins in England Some people want to • get rid of “popish” things (bishops, prayer book, priests’ vestments) • make religion solely a matter between the individual and God **Later, depending upon who is in control, Protestant or Catholic ruler, all of this changes. Edward VI r. 1547-1553 • Henry’s son, crowned at age 9, intelligent but sickly, ruled in name only Mary r. 1553-1558 • Daughter of Catherine, known as “Bloody Mary” because she had over 200 Protestants killed, died in 1558 Elizabeth I r. 1558-1603 • Daughter of Anne Boleyn, had such a long reign that the whole period is often named for her, she survived many plots against her life, her cousin Mary Queen of Scots wanted the throne, Elizabeth endured her plots for 20 years then had Mary beheaded, Elizabeth was a symbol of peace, security, and prosperity; skilled in music, dancing, literature, and religious controversy, also vain, head strong and clever; reestablished Church of England; never married = “Virgin Queen” The Reign of Elizabeth I Mary, Queen of Scots • Elizabeth’s cousin, heir to English throne • Catholic, deposed from throne in Scotland • initiates several plots to kill Elizabeth In 1587 . . . after enduring Mary and her plots for twenty years, Elizabeth sends her to the chopping block The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 • Vast fleet of warships from Spain (Spanish Armada) sent to invade England The Armada was the largest fleet of ships ever assembled. • England’s smaller ships defeat the Armada • England set eight small frigates ablaze and sailed them into the Armada. • Heavy winds wrecked Spanish ships off the coast of Ireland. • Elizabeth’s finest moment • Assures England’s independence from Catholic countries of the Mediterranean Renaissance Entertainment • With so much going on around them, the English started writing more than ever. The sonnet was a popular form and love was a popular topic. • Cities held yearly festivals where plays (mostly religious) were performed; b/c these plays were closely related to the Catholic church, the Protestants wanted to stop these plays and festivals • Miracle and mystery plays – based on the Bible and saints’ legends; morality plays – taught a moral • 1642 – Parliament shut down the London theatre James I • Queen Elizabeth’s second cousin, James VI of Scotland, became her successor, as James I of England • He lacked her ability to resolve critical issues, he was a spendthrift where she had been thrifty, he tried hard to be a good ruler, supported arts, etc., but had difficult relationships with many of his subjects • Commissioned the translations of the Bible Decline of the Renaissance • Charles I succeeded his father James I and turned out to be remote, autocratic, and self destructive, he was beheaded in 1649 • His son Charles II fled the country • As the Renaissance ends, England is being ruled by Oliver Cromwell • Renaissance values gradually erode and energies gradually give out What Have You Learned? Match the achievement or description to the Renaissance ruler. Elizabeth I James I Henry VIII _________ Henry VIII established the Church of England, separate from the Roman Church _________ James I benevolent ruler, patron of the arts, spendthrift _________ Elizabeth I united England so that it could achieve military victory over Spain