Download Eating Disorders

Preventing Negative Body Image and Eating Disorders
We live in a society that is extremely pre-occupied by body
image where we are bombarded everyday about how we
should look, how we should dress, how we should act.
We hope that if we understand more about how to resist
some of these pressures, we can feel better about our bodies
and can all work together to promote a healthier social
environment that can decrease at least some of the risk
factors that can lead to problems like eating disorders.
75% of American women are dissatisfied with their weight.
So are 41% of American men.
•Amongst American high school students, 44% of the females and 15% of the
males were attempting to lose weight, and 28% of the males were attempting to
gain weight by building muscles
•50% of American women are on a diet at any one time
•Between 90% and 99% of fat reducing diets fail to produce permanent weight
loss
•2/3 of dieters will regain the weight within a year. Virtually all will regain it
within five years
•There are three main types of eating disorders:
Bulimia
Anorexia
Binge Eating
• Frequent episodes of “BINGE-EATING
•A rapid and sometimes automatic consumption of food in a discrete period of time
•A feeling of LACK OF CONTROL
•Powerlessness felt during the binge, often followed by an anxiety about anticipated weight
gain and mood swings
•Recurrent “PURGING
•Attempts to undo the effect of the binge by dangerous methods like self-induced vomiting,
diet pills, excessive exercise, and/or laxatives or diuretics
•Frequent, intense, and DISTORTED CONCERNS ABOUT SHAPE
AND WEIGHT
•Including: a conviction that body shape and weight are crucial factors determining selfesteem, and a strong drive for thinness and a fear of fat.
Warning Signs of Bulimia Nervosa
The chances of recovery increase the earlier Bulimia is detected.
Therefore it is important to be aware of some of the warning signs-you could be in the position to really help someone!
Possible evidence of BINGE-EATING:
•Appears to eat large amounts of food (esp. high calorie food) without gaining weight
•Large amounts of food purchased or shop-lifted
Evidence of SELF-INDUCED VOMITING:
•Catching the person in the act
•Leaves the table immediately after eating and goes to the bathroom. Glands under the jaw are swollen.
Evidence of PURGING:
•Enthusiastic discussion of ways to eat a lot without gaining any weight. Possession of large amounts of
laxatives or diuretics
•Unexplainable paleness and complaints of dizziness
•Unexplainable muscle cramps, or heart and kidney problems that are unusual for teenagers
Unhealthy body image
can start at an early age.
ANOREXIA
NERVOSA
Major characteristics might include:
•Extreme and irrational fear of becoming fat
•Strong determination to become increasingly thinner
•Significant weight loss
•Distorted perception of body shape
•Difficulty in accurately interpreting and managing hunger and other internal
impulses like anger
•Abnormal hormonal functioning
•In females: absence of 3 or more menstrual cycles
•In males: significant lowering of sexual function and desire (due to lowered
levels of testosterone)
BINGE EATING
DISORDER
Several primary symptoms:
•Frequent episodes of of eating large quanitties of food in short periods of
time often secretly, without regard to feelings of “hunger” or “fullness”
•Feeling of being “out of control” during binges
•Eating food rapidly without really tasting it
•Eating alone
•Feelings of shame, disgust, or guilt after a binge
Causes of Binge Eating:
Research is still being done on binge-eating
disorder, but doctors estimate that about
25% of obese individuals suffer from frequent episodes of binge
eating. More and more research shows that a chemical imbalance
in the eating centers of the brain may be responsible. Contrary to
popular belief, this is NOT an issue of will power.
People suffering from binge-eating disorder can be either
average or above average weight.
Binge-eaters often express distress, shame, and guilt over
their eating disorder. Many have a history of depression.
What Causes
Eating Disorders?
Social Factors
•
•
•
Cultural pressures that glorify “thinness” and place value on obtaining the “perfect body”
Narrow definitions of beauty that include only women and men of specific body types and weights
Cultural norms that value people on the basis of physical appearance and not inner qualities and strengths
Psychological Factors
•Low self-esteem
•Feelings of inadequacy or lack of control in life
•Depression, anxiety, anger, or loneliness
Interpersonal Factors
•Troubled family or personal relationships
•Difficulty expressing emotions or feelings
•History of being teased or ridiculed based on size or weight
•History of physical or self-abuse
Biological Factors
•Scientists are still researching possible biochemical and biological causes of eating disorders. In
some individuals with eating disorders, certain chemicals in the brain that control hunger, appetite,
and digestion have been found to be imbalanced. The exact meaning and implications of these
imbalances remains under investigation.
Men must be:
• lean
• muscular
• broad shouldered
• narrow through waist
and hips
Men are under growing pressure to conform to impossible body standards. The body
proportions set out by the artificial ideal are as impossible to meet as the “Barbie
standards” set for women. Because of this societal pressure, we are seeing a growing
number of men who are unhappy with their bodies.
•41% of all males in the US report being dissatisfied with their weight.
•Many of these men would like to lose weight but a significant portion of them would
like to gain muscle.
Prevention: Working Together

Males need to be part of the prevention
effort

They can help to change societal ideals
and minimize the pressures to conform to
impossible weight ideals, not only for
themselves but also for women.
Societal Weight Prejudice (“Weightism”)
•
•
•
•
Thin is good, beautiful, moral, powerful
Fat is ugly, lazy, sloppy, morally weak, undesirable
Style, impression, and image > substance and character
Your appearance (weight, shape) is the most important thing about you
There is a strong social message that somehow thin is good and fat is bad.
We are taught to judge a person’s character by how they look physically.
•In Western cultures, slenderness is a criterion for attractiveness, success, control, and
“being good.” This is particularly true for women. Muscular bodies are criteria for
strong, mature, and capable men.
•Fat and overweight people are judged as ugly, a failure, out of control, lazy, and
responsible for their own badness.
These irrational judgments are a form of prejudice and
discrimination, just as racism and bigotry are. The prejudice
against fat and toward thinness is called weightism and is an
unfair and sad aspect of our culture.
An important part of an individual’s selfconcept is “body image.”
• Visual Component: How you “see” yourself when you look in the mirror
–
With poor body image, you might have a distorted, unrealistic perception of your
shape. You might perceive parts of your body as larger or smaller than they actually
are
• Mental Component: What you believe and think about your appearance.
–
With poor body image, you might believe yourself to be ugly or unattractive because
you are convinced that only certain types of features are attractive. Or you believe that
what you like is irrelevant, and all that matters are the characteristics of which others
approve.
• Emotional Component: How you feel about your body, including your height,
weight, and shape.
–
With poor body image, the combination of your distorted perceptions and your selfrejecting ideals leads you to feel ashamed, self-conscious, and anxious about your
body.
• Kinesthetic Component: How you feel in your body, not just about your body.
–
With poor body image, you might not feel comfortable in your body. You do not
express yourself with and through your body, for example in sports or dance.
ROLE OF THE MEDIA
One thing we can learn to do is fight the messages sent to
us by the media industry…
…Media messages like advertising and celebrity spotlights
more and more are defining what is beautiful and what is
“good.” If we buy into their unrealistic ideals, we give the
media great power over our self-esteem and body image.
A study of 4,294 network television commercials revealed that 1 out of every
3.8 commercials send some sort of “attractiveness” message, telling viewers
what is or is not attractive. These researchers estimate that the average
adolescent sees over 5,260 “attractiveness” messages per year. Often the
goal of these messages is to make you viewers feel inadequate so that they
will buy products to “fix” their “problems.”
RECOMMENDATIONS for COMBATTING
EATING DISORDERS
•Don’t look at body magazines, look at REAL women.
•Athletics: Focus on what your body can do rather than how it looks.
•Fight weightism. It’s a form of bigotry, intolerance, prejudice and is socially unjust.
•Develop perspective. What really matters? It’s not just about looks.
TIPS FOR BECOMING CRITICAL
VIEWERS OF THE MEDIA
Advertisers create their message based on what they think you will want
to see and what they think will affect you and compel you to buy this
product. Just because they think their approach will work with people
like you doesn’t mean it has to work with you as an individual.
PREVENTING EATING
DISORDERS
A ROLE FOR ALL OF US
LEARNING TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE ALL
CAN PLAY A ROLE IN PROMOTING AN
ENVIRONMENT WHICH IS RESPECTFUL
AND WHICH PRMOTES RESISTANCE
AGAINST SOCIAL PRESSURES TO BE THIN
PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION
A job for everyone…
1) Every student can play a role in
prevention. We all can help promote
an environment which is respectful
and resists social pressures to be thin.
2) Prevention and treatment are not “just
a female issue” or a “youth issue”—
they are a community issue that
involves boys and men, as well as girls
and women, in many ways.
What To Say to a Friend

Set a time to talk privately where you won’t be interrupted

Avoid placing shame, blame or guilt

Avoid giving simple solutions.

Express your continued support and let them know you care
about them. This is the most important thing you can do. Then
be patient. It takes time, it isn’t easy. You are not trying to “cure
them”. You are helping them through difficult times, being a true
friend in a time of need.
WHAT TO DO: STEP BY STEP
1. Be sensitive to shame...It can look like defensiveness and denial.
2. Focus on emotions, stress, isolation…not on appearance and
weight. They already worry too much about both.
3. Focus on what is going on for your friend emotionally.
•Express your concerns using “I” statements rather than “you” statements.
•“I am worried about you.”
•“Is there anything I can do to help you?”
•“I don’t like it when we act as if nothing is wrong, because my sense is that
something is very wrong.”
4. Avoid lecturing about the medical dangers of eating disorders. It will
likely backfire.
5. One conversation is rarely enough. Repeated connection and
nonjudgmental listening is usually needed for a person to feel safe enough
to actually talk about what is going on and then do something about it.
•Encourage your friends to get help, but don’t force them.
Loving Supportive Friends
Always Help
Some “DO’s” in Reaching Out
Speak to the person in private
Tell them what specifically has
made you concerned
Tell them how you feel
Let them have time to respond
Listen carefully and nonjudgementally
Some “DON’Ts” in Reaching Out
Don’t speak to an adult with out speaking
to the person whom you’re concerned
about
Don’t give advice about appearance
Don’t confront the person with a group of
people
Don’t diagnose
Don’t get into an argument
Don’t be judgmental
Web Sites
Books
Teachers,
Counselors,
School Nurse
Private
Practitioners
Free Community
Eating Disorders
Support Group
Overeater’s
Anonymous
Conclusions
“Never doubt that a
small group of
thoughtful committed
citizens can change
the world. Indeed, it’s
the only thing that ever
has.”
Margaret Mead