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Renal Structure and Function
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Kidneys
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Paired
Retroperitoneal
Partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs
Right slightly lower due to liver
Surrounded by renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
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Anatomy
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Hilum (hilus)
Renal artery and vein
Cortex
Medulla
Renal pyramids and renal papillae
Major and minor calyces
Renal Pelvis
Ureters
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• Ureters connect kidneys to urinary bladder
• Urethra leads from bladder outside the
body
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• Kidneys make up 1 % of body mass, but
receive about 25% of cardiac output.
• Kidney has two major functions:
1. Filtration of blood
• Removes metabolic wastes from the body,
esp. those containing nitrogen
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2. Regulation:
Blood volume and composition
Electrolytes
Blood pH
Blood pressure
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How to kidneys work?
Nephrons
• Functional unit of the kidney
• 1 million nephrons per kidney
• Forms urine in the Kidney after blood is
filtered
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Nephrons
• Glomerulus – tangled
web of capillaries
– Filter fluid  filtration
to start process of
forming urine
• Glomerular capsule
aka Bowman’s
capsule- cap-like
structure which
surrounds the
glomerulus
- receives fluid filtrate
from glomerulus
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• Proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT)
– Coiled portion of tube
leading from
glomerular/Bowman’s
capsule to nephron loop
– Reabsorption of water
and solutes
• Nephron loop aka Loop
of Henle
– Portion of tube which
straightens and curves
back (ascending and
descending limbs)
– Regulates
concentration of urine
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Nephrons
• Distal convoluted
tubule (DCT)- coiled
tube connecting
nephron loop and
collecting duct (within
renal complex)
• Collecting duct- tube
leading away from
several nephrons
-Take urine through
renal papilla opening
to calyx
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