Download JB APUSH Unit 1D

Colonial American
Lifestyle
Unit 1D
AP U.S. History
Think About It
► To
what extent did the First Great
Awakening maintain continuity and foster
change in English colonial development?
Colonial Religion
New England and Religion
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Puritanical lifestyle in
Massachusetts
Religious toleration and
dissent Rhode Island
 Roger Williams and “wall of
separation”
 Anne Hutchinson and
Antinomianism
►
Halfway Covenant (1662)
 Attempt to increase members
►
Salem Witch Trials (16921693)
 185 accused
► 141
women; 44 men
 19 executed
► 14
women; 5 men
Historiography
”The Puritans: Orthodoxy or Diversity?”
Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson
– The Puritans (1938)
►
Thus Puritanism appears, from the
social and economic point of view, to
have been a philosophy of social
stratification, placing the command in
the hands of the properly qualified and
demanding implicit obedience from the
uneducated; from the religious point of
view it was the dogged assertion of
the unity of intellect and spirit in the
face of a rising tide of democratic
sentiment suspicious of the intellect
and intoxicated with the spirit. It was
autocratic, hierarchical, and
authoritarian… that in the social realm
holy writ were to be the mentors of
farmers and merchants.
David D. Hall – Worlds of Wonder,
Days of Judgment (1989)
►
Let me return to the crucial question of
the clergy and their role in shaping
popular religion... they had too much
in common with the people, and too
prominent a part to play in teaching
certain structures of belief... I refuse
to represent the clergy as so
dominating in the churches that their
way of thinking always prevailed...the
power of the clergy was too mediated
to make them really dominant, and
"domination" is a word that simply
doesn't fit in the pluralistic structure of
New England towns and churches.
First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)
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Diverse among colonies
regarding strict adherence and
religious toleration
Protestant dominant
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Anglican Church
Congregationalist
Presbyterian
Lutheran
Catholic
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Evangelism
Revivalism
Itinerant preachers
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield
Old Lights and New Lights - Debate
Baptists and Methodists
The (First) Great Awakening
(1730s-1740s)
The First Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
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Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)
“There is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any one moment, out
of hell, but the mere pleasure of God. By "the mere pleasure of
God," I mean his sovereign pleasure, his arbitrary will, restrained
by no obligation, hindered by no manner of difficulty, any more
than if nothing else but God's mere will had in the least degree, or
in any respect whatsoever, any hand in the preservation of wicked
men one moment.”
“So that whatever some have imagined and pretended about
promises made to natural men's earnest seeking and knocking, 'tis
plain and manifest that whatever pains a natural man takes in
religion, whatever prayers he makes, till he believes in Christ, God
is under no manner of obligation to keep him a moment from
eternal destruction.”
“The Use may be of Awakening to unconverted persons in this
congregation. This that you have heard is the case of everyone of
you that are out of Christ. That world of misery, that lake of
burning brimstone is extended abroad under you. There is the
dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God; there is
hell's wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand
upon, nor anything to take hold of: there is nothing between you
and hell but the air; 'tis only the power and mere pleasure of God
that holds you up.”
The First Great Awakening
George Whitefield
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Marks of a True Conversion
Matthew 18:3—“Verily, I say unto you, except ye be converted, and become as
little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.”
“I am afraid it will be found, that thousands, and ten thousands, who hope to go
to this blessed place after death, are not now in the way to it while they live.
Though we call ourselves Christians, and would consider it as an affront put upon
us, for any one to doubt whether we were Christians or not; yet there are a great
many, who bear the name of Christ, that yet do not so much as know what real
Christianity is.”
“So that what our Lord is speaking of, is not the innocency of little children, if you
consider the relation they stand in to God, and as they are in themselves, when
brought into the world; but what our Lord means is, that as to ambition and lust
after the world, we must in this sense become as little children. Is there never a
little boy or girl in this congregation? Ask a poor little child, that can just speak,
about a crown, scepter, or kingdom, the poor creature has no notion about it:
give a little boy or girl a small thing to play with, it will leave the world to other
people. Now in this sense we must be converted, and become as little children;
that is, we must be as loose to the world, comparatively speaking, as a little
child.”
“…begin now, while standing here; pray to God, and let the language of thy heart
be, Lord convert me! Lord make me a little child, Lord Jesus let me not be
banished from thy kingdom! My dear friends, there is a great deal more implied in
the words, than is expressed: when Christ says, “Ye shall not enter into the
kingdom of heaven,” it is as much to say, “ye shall certainly go to hell, ye shall
certainly be damned, and dwell in the blackness of darkness for ever, ye shall go
where the worm dies not, and where the fire is not quenched.” The Lord God
impress it upon your souls! May an arrow (as one lately wrote me in a letter)
dipped in the blood of Christ, reach every unconverted sinner's heart! May God
fulfill the text to every one of your souls!”
Colonial Politics
► Limited
Self-Government
 Elected bicameral
legislative assemblies
 Governors
 Local governments
► Voting
 Limited to adult male
educated and/or property
owners
► Freedom
of Expression
 John Peter Zenger Case
(1735)
New England Politics
►
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut (1639)
 First written constitution in
America
►
Relations with Natives
 New England Confederation
(1643-1684)
► Defense
alliance among
Plymouth, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New Haven
► King Philip’s (Metacom) War
(1675-1676)
 New England
Confederation defeats
Wampanoag alliance
Dominion of New England (1686-1689)
►
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Established by King James
II to consolidate colonies
Administrative union of
Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Connecticut,
Rhode Island, New York,
New Jersey
Governor Edmund Andros
Dissolution
Colonial Society And Colonial Culture
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American Social Structure
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Wealthy landowners
Merchants
Small farmers
Craftspeople
Slaves
Regional differences
Opportunity
 Less dependent on heredity
►
Gender Roles
 Men
► Patriarchal
society
► Landowners/laborers
 Women
► Submissive
to men but respected
► domestic responsibilities
► limited to no political rights
► Becoming
American
 Pragmatism
► Dominance
culture
► Folkways
of English
 Regional differences
Colonial Culture - The Arts
► Architecture
 Early colonies centered
around a
meetinghouse/church
 Urban structures typical of
English structures
 Frontier log cabins
► Literature
 Newspapers
 Religious sermons, political
essays, non-fiction books
 Poor Richard’s Almanac Benjamin Franklin
Colonial Culture - Education
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Limited to wealthy males;
females learned domestic chores
Higher Education
 Most established for
ministry/theological studies
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New England Colonies
 Education by mothers
 Towns with over 50 families
required primary schools; over 100
families, required grammar schools
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Middle Colonies
 Private and church education
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Southern Colonies
 Limited education due to
agricultural lifestyle
Settlement and Migration
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250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million
in 1775
Europeans and Africans along
with a high birth rate
Reasons: religion; economics;
political turmoil
English, Germans
(Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish,
Irish, Dutch, Swedish  OLD
IMMIGRANTS
Africans forced to America;
suffered discrimination and
slave labor
Colonial Slavery
► Indentured
servitude
► Why Slaves?
 Increased wages in
England
 Labor shortages lead
to importing slaves
 Cheap labor
 Dependable work force
► Slave
Rebellions and
Reactions
 Stono Rebellion/Cato
Rebellion (1739)
 New York “Conspiracy”
(1741)
 Slave laws
Slave Demographics
Slavery is Immoral; Slavery is Moral
Samuel Sewall, The Selling of
Joseph: A Memorial (1700)
John Saffin, A Brief and Candid
Answer to a Late Printed Sheet
Entitled “The Selling of Joseph”
(1701)
►
The Numerousness of Slaves at this Day in
the Province, and the Uneasiness of them
under their Slavery, hath put many upon
thinking whether the Foundation of it be
firmly and well laid; so as to sustain the
Vast Weight that is built upon it. It is most
certain that all Men, as they are the Sons of
Adam, are Co-heirs, and have equal Right
unto Liberty, and all other outward
Comforts of Life. God hath given the Earth
[with all its commodities] unto the Sons of
Adam, Psal., 115, 16. And hath made of
one Blood of all Nations of Men…Forasmuch
then we are the Offspring of God. Acts 17,
26, 27, 29... So that Originally, and
Naturally, there is no such thing as Slavery.
►
True, but what is all this to the purpose, to
prove that all men have equal right to
Liberty, and all outward comforts of life;
which Position seems to invert the Order
that God hath set in the World, who hath
Ordained different degrees and orders of
men, some to be High and Honourable,
some to be Low and Despicable; some to
be Monarchs, Kings, Princes and
Governours, Masters and Commanders,
others to be Subjects, and to be
Commanded; Servants of sundry sorts and
degrees, bound to obey; yea, some to be
born Slaves, and so to remain during their
lives, as hath been proved. Otherwise there
would be a meer parity among men,
contrary to that of the Apostle; 1 Cor. 12
from the 13 to the 26 verse, where he sets
forth (by comparison) the different sorts
and offices of the Members of the Body…
Historiography
“The Atlantic Slave Trade: Racism or Profit?”
Eric Williams – Capitalism and
Slavery (1944)
►
Here, then, is the origin of Negro
slavery. The reason was economic, not
racial; it had to do not with the color
of the laborer, but the cheapness of
the labor. As compared with Indian
and white labor, Negro slavery was
eminently superior… This was not a
theory, it was a practical conclusion
deduced from the personal experience
of the planter. He would have gone to
the moon, if necessary, for labor.
Africa was nearer than the moon,
nearer too than the more populous
countries of India and China. But their
turn was to come.
David Eltis – Atlantic History in
Global Perspective (1999)
►
But once the wall of African resistance
helped force the plantation complex
across the Atlantic, it seems selfevident that the transatlantic demand
for labour from the Old World was
economic. What do non-economic
values have to do with shaping this
pattern?... The explanation for the
racial exclusivity of labour regimes and
the transatlantic flows that supplied
the labour itself must have been that
Europeans were prepared to enslave
Africans or use black slaves that other
Africans had deprived of their freedom,
but were not prepared to subject other
Europeans, even despised minorities
such as Jews, Huguenots, and Irish, to
the same fate.
Colonial Economics
►
Mercantilism
 Colonies for the
“Mother Country”
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Acts of Navigation
 Trade on English ships
 Imports pass English
ports
 Exports to England
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Molasses Act (1733)
Triangular Trade
 Middle Passage
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Colonial Economics
Money
 Commodity money (gold/silver)
 Fiat money (paper currency)
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Transportation
 Rivers and coasts
 Horse and carriage
 Taverns and postal services
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New England
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Shipbuilding and manufacturing
Lumber
Fishing and whaling
Merchants/Trade
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Wheat and corn
Lumber
Manufacturing
Merchants/Trade
Middle Colonies
Southern Colonies
 Plantation systems
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Tobacco, rice, indigo
 Forced labor
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Indentured servants and slaves
PUROPOSE
DATE
FOUNDER
MAJOR
EXPORT
VIRGINIA
commercial
1607
Virginia Company
John Smith
Tobacco
PLYMOUTH/
MASSACHUSETTS
Religious refuge/
commercial
1620/
1628
William Bradford/
Massachusetts Bay
Company
John Winthrop
Grain, timber
NEW YORK
commercial
1613 (1664)
Peter Stuveysant
(Duke of York)
Furs, grain
NEW HAMPSHIRE
commercial
1623
John Mason
Timber, naval stores
RHODE ISLAND
Religious refuge
1636
Roger Williams
Grain
CONNECTICUT
expansion
1635
Thomas Hooker
Grain
PENNSYLVANIA
Religious refuge
1681
William Penn Quakers
Grain
DELAWARE
commercial
1638 (1681)
Peter Minuit/
William Penn
Grain
MARYLAND
Religious refuge
1634
Lord Baltimore Catholics
Tobacco
NORTH CAROLINA
commercial
1663
Anthony Cooper
Tobacco, timber, naval
stores
SOUTH CAROLINA
commercial
1663
Anthony Cooper
Rice, indigo, naval
stores
GEORGIA
Buffer, experiment
1733
James Oglethorpe
Rice, timber, naval
stores
() - Becomes an English colony