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Early Civilizations 10 WEEK REVIEW Chapters 1-3 1. Describe what each of these people would study: AnthropologistStudies culture through people. Archaeologist- Studies culture through artifacts Geographer- Study of people, environment and resources. How humans adapt to their environment Historian- Uses written evidence to study the past. 2. What are primary sources? ► First hand accounts of information. ► Examples: journal or diary entries. 3. Where is the Great Rift Valley? Why is it an important location? ► Located in Africa. ► Believed to be the area where humans first appeared in Africa. ► Lucy discovered there. ► Mary & Louis Leakey- anthropologists. 4. What was the early belief of animism? ► Belief that all objects, people and animals had a spirit. ► Earliest spiritual beliefs, not a formal religion. ► Cave paintings, buried dead with care- first clues. 5. What is monotheism? ► Belief ► Ex: in only one god Judaism 6. What is polytheism? ► Belief in many gods. ► Example: Hinduism 7. What are the features/elements/characteristics of a civilization? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Cities Centralized Government Public works System of writing Organized religion Job specialization Art & Architecture Social Classes 8. What was the Neolithic Revolution? ► Change from nomadic lifestyle to agricultural lifestyle. ► People learn to grow crops and domesticate animals. 9. Why was the Neolithic Revolution considered a turning point in history? ► People growing their own foods, no longer have to live a nomadic lifestyle. ► CIVILIZATIONS can get established. ► Food surplus, population increases 10. What is subsistence agriculture? ► Growing just enough food for your own survival (your family), NOT a surplus. ► Does not allow for population growth. 11. What is surplus agriculture? ► Growing more than enough food for your own needs, large amount of extra food. ► Allows the population to grow. 12. Why did civilizations begin in river valleys? ► Fertile soil, transportation, water for irrigation and animals. 13. What river provided transportation and resources for the early people of Africa (Egypt)? ►Nile River 14. Why were the ancient Egyptians successful in agriculture? ►Fertile soil (silt) from the flooding of the Nile River twice every year. 15. What was the main achievement of the Old Kingdom in Egypt? ►Old Kingdom = Pyramid Building 16. What was papyrus and why was it important to Egypt? ►Plant that grew along the Nile River ►Was used to make a type of paper Egyptians used 17. What was the form of writing used by ancient Egyptians? ► Hieroglyphics- form of picture writing 18. What two rivers provided resources for the people of Mesopotamia? ► Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 19. What was the form of writing used by ancient Mesopotamians called? ► Cuneiform- tablets wedge-shaped writing on clay 20. What was Hammurabi’s Code? ► First organized set of laws. ► Meant to unify empire. ► Harsh punishments to promote law and order. 21. How did Hammurabi’s Code create a more orderly society? ► For the first time, laws were the same throughout the entire empire. ► No question as to what the punishments should be. 22. What was the Phoenician civilization know for? ► Carriers of Civilization- trade and travel around the Mediterranean Sea. ► Created alphabet, glass 23. What rivers provided for India’s first civilization? ►Indus River and Ganges River 24. How did seasonal monsoons affect India? ► Helped with agriculture. ► Hurt if caused flooding. ► Timing and amount mattered! 25. What was unique about the Indus valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro? Well-planned out: ► ► cities were formed in grid patterns sewage systems 26. What was the caste system in India? ► Social class systemBrahmins- priests Kshatriays- warriors Vaisyas- skilled workers Sudras- unskilled workers ► Can’t change your position in life until after reincarnation 27. What were the major beliefs of Hinduism? ► Dharma ► Karma ► Moksha ► Reincarnation ► Caste System ► Polytheistic 28. What were the major beliefs of Buddhism? ►4 Noble Truths ► 8 Fold Path ► Meditation ► Peaceful ► Reincarnation- Nirvana ► More of a “non-theistic” religion 29. What is a Golden Age? ► Time of great cultural achievements in an area. ► Peace and prosperity. 30. What were some of the achievements of the Gupta Golden Age in India? Gupta = Golden Age Decimal System Concept of Zero Vaccines Surgery Wrote Books Architectural Achievements 31. Where were the earliest Chinese civilizations located? ► Huang He River (or Yellow River) 32. What geographic barriers led to China being more isolated than other civilizations? Isolated by: ► Mountains ► Ocean ► Jungles ► Desert 33. What is ethnocentrism? ► Belief that your culture is superior to all other culture. ► Ex. Chinese were very isolated, believed for a long time that they were the only people on the earth. 34. What were the major beliefs of Confucius? ►5 Relationships Son obeys father Younger brother obeys older brother Wife obeys her husband Subject obeys ruler Friend to friend ► Filial Piety ► Leaders must be well educated 35. What were the basic beliefs of Taoism/Daoism? ► Best government is no government ► Government is not natural, causes more problems than it helps 36. What were the basic beliefs of Legalism? ► Strict laws and harsh punishments are the only way to govern ► People are naturally evil, need to be governed 37. What was the dynastic cycle in China? ► Rise and fall of dynasties (ruling families) ► Dynasty ages and loses mandate of heaven ► New dynasty takes over 38. How did Shi Huangdi create a strong empire? ► Strict control of his empire ► Burned books ► Buried scholars alive ► Built Great Wall ► Standardized weights and measures, writing 39. Why was the Silk Road important? ► Served as a trade route between China and the West ► Silk becomes a major export in China 40. What were some of the achievements of the Han Golden Age? ► Canals & road improved ► Civil service exams ► Seismograph ► Paper from wood pulp ► Rudder ► Wheelbarrow ► Accupuncture