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Unit 6 - Ecology 1 Energy Flow through Ecosystems Energy Flow 2 Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the Sun. Autotroph - any organism that can produce its own food supply. o also called Producers o Ex: plants, algae, some protists, and some bacteria • Energy flows through ecosystems from producers to consumers Producers 3 • Sunlight is the main source of energy for most life on earth. • Producers contain chlorophyll & can use energy directly from the sun Niche of a Producer 4 Producers capture energy and transform it into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms. This organic energy is in the form of glucose. o photoautotrophs using light energy (ex. plants) o chemoautotrophs using chemical energy (ex. cyanobacteria) Photoautotroph 5 Producer that captures energy from the sun through process of photosynthesis: o adds oxygen to the atmosphere o removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere Algae Chemoautotrophs 6 Captures energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide. Process is called chemosynthesis CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)+ O2+ 4H2S(Hydrogen Sulfide) CH2O (Food) + 4S + 3H2O Often occurs in deep sea vents Consumers 7 Heterotrophs - eat other organisms to obtain energy. o Herbivores - eat only plants o Carnivores - eat only other animals Consumers cont… 8 Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. o Omnivores - eat plants and animals o Decomposers - feed by breaking down dead organic material, then absorbing the released nutrients. Detritivores - earthworms, feed on detritus. Saprotrophs - fungi and bacteria Feeding Relationships 9 • Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from producers to various levels of consumers. Feeding Relationships 10 Food Chain A sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats another organism. Feeding Relationships 11 Identify Producer, Consumer & Decomposer 12 Identify Producer, Consumer & Decomposer 13 Food Web 14 Food Web A food web shows many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem. more realistic path through an ecosystem made of many interconnected food chains Food Web 15 Trophic Levels 16 Each step in the transfer of energy through a food chain or food web is known as a trophic level. Producers ALWAYS the 1st trophic level; how energy enters the system Herbivores 2nd trophic level Carnivores and Omnivores Make up the remaining trophic levels Each level depends on the one below it for energy. Trophic Levels 17 2nd trophic level Primary Consumer 3rd trophic level Secondary Consumer Producer 1st tropic level (trapped sunlight & stored food) 4th trophic level Tertiary consumer 5th trophic level Quaternary Consumer Ecological Pyramids 18 Graphic representations of the relative amounts of energy or matter at each trophic level: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers Energy Pyramid 19 Energy Pyramid cont… 20 •Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers •It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers •It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers Energy Pyramid cont… 21 Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers