Download 01 Anatomy and medicine Anatomic terminoogy

Anatomy and
medicine.
Anatomic
terminology
Some definitions
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Morphology
-form that structures take on.
-Morphology affects function
Structure
-a part of the body. Can either be microscopic (small)
or macroscopic (large).
Function
-refers to physical behavior. What a structure does.
-Function is related to structures=Functional
Morphology
Normal vs. Abnormal
-We must understand the normal
situation to be able to compare it with
and recognize the abnormal.
Topographic Anatomy
-Structures on the surface of the skin
can be used to identify and locate deeper
structures, organs, and tissues beneath
the skin.
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Structure defines and restricts function.
- certain joints can only move in one
direction. For example a hinge joint can
only have motion perpendicular to the
axis of the joint. The knee joint (hinge)
cannot have motion in the lateral
direction because that goes against the
axis.
ANATOMY
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Study of structure.
ANA = apart
TOMY = to cut
Anatomy
GROSS
HISTOLOGY
Surface Anatomy
Structures can only be
seen with a microscope
Study of shapes and landmarks
on the surface of the body
Cells and cell parts
Structures can be seen with
the naked eye.
Dissection
Regional
All structures of a region are studied together
Systemic
All structures with related functions are
studied together
Our study of Human Anatomy will look at both, gross and histological anatomy.
Anatomical
Terminology
Anatomical Axes - axes
are like skewers which pass
through the body. They are
used to describe axes about
which rotation movements
take place - very similar to the
pin in a door hinge. The door
moves in a plane around an
axis - the plane is determined
by the orientation of the pin
in the hinge.
Superior
Inferior
Anatomical Position
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This is a reference position that allows for
the use of consistent directional
terminology.
All descriptions of location are made
from within anatomical position.
Subject is facing forward with palms
forward, thumbs facing to the sides.
Anatomical
Position
This is the position
from which all
directions and
descriptions are made.
The person is standing
erect, palms facing
anteriorly, feet
together and facing
forward.
Superior
TRANSVERSE
PLANE
Inferior
Body Midline
EYES
Medial
Sagittal
Plane
Lateral
EARS
The Extremities have a different set of terms
The arm is DISTAL
TO THE
TRUNK or
MIDLINE OF
THE BODY
The upper arm is
PROXIMAL
The eyes are SUPERIOR to
the mouth.
The mouth is INFERIOR
to the eyes.
BACK
FRONT
The gluteus
maximus is
POSTERIOR to
the umbilicus.
C
O
R
O
N
A
L
The umbilicus is
ANTERIOR to the
gluteus maximus.
P
IN BACK OF
L
IN FRONT OF
A
Also called
DORSAL
N
E
Also called
VENTRAL
In four legged animals, the head is
ANTERIOR to the tail. In two legged
animals, the head is SUPERIOR to the
tail.
In four legged animals, the region toward
the head is CRANIAL. The region
toward the tail is CAUDAL.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
What is the relationship?
knee to thigh
Nipple to belly button
Chin to eyes
Little toe to big toe
SKIN
SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface
DEEP – away from the surface
DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR
MUSCLES
ORIGIN – attachment of
muscle on a fixed point, closest
to midline
THIGH BONE (FEMUR)
L
E
G
B
O
N
E
INSERTION – attachment
of muscle that is moveable,
farthest from midline.
Medial vs. Median
A median structure is one which is in the median
(midline) plane of the body (such as the sternum, the
umbilicus and the symphysis pubis).
The term medial is a relative term and must be used
to compare two structures; one structure being
medial or closer to the median plane of the body
than the other structure.
Hands and Feet:
Palmar or Volar means the anterior surface
or palm of the hand.
Plantar means the inferior surface or sole
of the foot.
Dorsum of the hand and foot refers to the
superior surface of the foot and posterior
surface of the hand.
Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same or
opposite sides of the body, respectively.
Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body,
e.g., the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral structures.
Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body;
e.g., the right arm and the left arm are contralateral structures.
Cardinal Body Planes
Cardinal Body Planes
Regional Terminology
Organization of the Human
Body
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The body is organized from the smallest part to
the largest part.
Chemical Level
- atoms, molecules
- carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, nucleic
acids
Cellular Level
-simplest structural unit
-basic unit of life
-smallest unit that can live on its own
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Tissue Level
- a group of cells with common origin,
structure, and function.
- cells within a tissue all work toward a
common goal (i.e.: movement, nutrition,
etc.)
Organ Level
- a group of tissues that have a common
function.
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Organ System Level
- a group of organs with a special
function.
- Digestive System, Nervous System,
etc…
Organismal Level
- A group of organ systems that at some
point in time is capable of sustaining life.
- All organ systems work together in an
Human Body Plan
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1.
Vertebrates Have Some Common
Features
Tube within a tube body plan
inner tube – mouth to anus
- respiratory organs
- digestive organs
outer tube – axial skeleton
- axial musulature
2.
Bilateral Symmetry
- left half of the body is a mirror image of
the right half.
- structures in the median plane are
unpaired, but have identical left and
right sides.
3.
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- develops into the brain and spinal
cord.
4.
Notochord
- stiff rod just deep to the spinal
cord.
- present in the embryo, but is
replaced by
5.
Segmentation
- repeating units of similar structures
running along the length of the trunk.
- examples include the ribs and
intercostal muscles and the vertebral
column.
6.
Pharyngeal Pouches
- pharynx – outpouchings called pouches
that correspond to the clefts between
the gills of a fish.
- present in the embryo only.
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Dorsal Body Cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
- contains the viscera
- 2 divisions
1. thoracic cavity
a. Pleural cavity
b. Mediastinum
c. Pericardium
2. abdominal cavity
a. Abdomen
b. Pelvis
Serous Cavities
- 2 layers
parietal layer - outer walls of the cavity
visceral layer – inner layer covers the visceral
organs
water between the membranes is a watery
fluid
The abdomen is divided into four
quadrants which are further
subdivided into nine regions.
Each region is named for its
relationship with the umbilicus.
Clinically, each region is
associated with specific organs.
Fertilization: Four Major Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sperm contacts the egg
Sperm or its nucleus enters the egg
Egg becomes activated and
developmental
changes begin
Sperm and egg nuclei fuse
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know…
Fuse- to Words
physicallyto
join
together
Ovum – egg cell (female gamete)
Cleavage – process of cell division during
development
Differentiation – the process of forming
different kinds of cells from similar cells
of the early embryo
Embryo – an organism in an early stage of
development
Morula – solid ball of cells formed from
cleavage
Fertilization
The Nuclei Fuse Together
 Development
of the zygote, the
study of which is known as
embryology or developmental
biology.
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The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell
divisions called cleavage.
The stages of development are: Fertilized ovum
(zygote)  2-cell stage  4-cell stage  8-cell
stage  Morula  Blastula  Early Gastrula 
Late Gastrula
Cleavage (divide via mitosis)
forms the 2 cell stage
And eventually form a Morula
And next, a gastrula
The Regents Diagram…
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sperm and ovum
Zygote (fertilized ovum)
2-cell stage
4-cell stage
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Differentiation (Organogenesis)
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Organogenesis is the formation of the organs (Organo =
organs, genesis = creation)
Arises from the layering of cells that occurs during
gastrula stage
The layers are germ layers; they have specific fates in
the developing embryo:
– Endoderm
• The innermost layer
• Goes on to form the gut
– Mesoderm
• In the middle
• Goes on to form the muscles, circulatory system, blood and
many different organs
– Ectoderm
• The outermost
• Goes on to form the skin and nervous system
Late Gastrula
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Differentiation of Primary Germ Layers (from the gastrula)
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Nervous
system
Epidermis
of skin
Skeleton
Digestive
tract
Respiratory
system
Muscles
Circulatory
system
Gonads
Liver, pancreas
Bladder
Early Human Development
Summary
 Meiosis
makes sperm in males
and ovum in females
 Sperm and ovum unite nuclei to
form a zygote
 Zygote undergoes cleavage and
becomes gastrula with 3 germ
layers