Download Structure od DNA and replication

Genetic
control of
protein
structure
and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
The structure of DNA and RNA
 Genetic
material of living organisms is
either DNA or RNA.
 DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
 RNA – Ribonucleic acid
 Genes
are lengths of DNA that code for
particular proteins.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides
 Both
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides.
 They are made up of smaller molecules
called nucleotides. Nucleotide

DNA is made of two polynucleotide strands:
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide

RNA is made of a single polynucleotide strand:
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Nucleotide
Structure of a nucleotide
A nucleotide is made
of 3 components:
 A Pentose sugar
 This is a 5 carbon
sugar
 The sugar in DNA
is deoxyribose.
 The sugar in RNA
is ribose.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Structure of a nucleotide
A Phosphate group
 Phosphate groups
are important
because they link
the sugar on one
nucleotide onto the
phosphate of the
next nucleotide to
make a
polynucleotide.

AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Structure of a nucleotide

A Nitogenous base

In DNA the four bases
are:
–
–
–
–

Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
In RNA the four bases
are:
–
–
–
–
Uracil
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Nitrogenous bases – Two types
Pyramidines
Purines
Thymine - T
Cytosine - C
Uracil - U
Adenine - A
Guanine - G
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Adenine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Guanine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Sugar phosphate bonds (backbone
of DNA)
Nucleotides are
connected to each
other via the
phosphate on one
nucleotide and the
sugar on the next
nucleotide
 A Polynucleotide

AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model
they built of the structure of DNA
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
X-ray diffraction photograph of the
DNA double helix
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Base pairing

The Nitrogenous
Bases pair up with
other bases. For
example the bases
of one strand of
DNA base pair with
the bases on the
opposite strand of
the DNA.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
The Rule:
 Adenine
always base pairs with
Thymine (or Uracil if RNA)
 Cytosine
Guanine.
always base pairs with
 This
is beacuse there is exactly
enough room for one purine and one
pyramide base between the two
polynucleotide strands of DNA.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Complementary base pairing
Purines
Pyramidines
Adenine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Nature of the Genetic Material
 Property
1 - it must contain, in a
stable form, information encoding
the organism’s structure, function,
development and reproduction
 Property 2 - it must replicate
accurately so progeny cells have
the same genetic makeup
 Property 3 - it must be capable of
some variation (mutation) to
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
 Speed
Replication of DNA and
Chromosomes
of DNA replication:
3,000 nucleotides/min in human
30,000 nucleotides/min in E.coli
 Accuracy of DNA replication:
Very precise (1 error/1,000,000,000 nt)
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Taylor and co-workers (1957)
3H-labelled
after
chromosomes
AS Biology. Gnetic control
of one further replication
protein structure and function
in unlabelled media
Meselson and Stahl (1958)
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
A replicating Drosophila
chromosome
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Success criteria
1. To discuss the process of DNA replication
Unistructual
Multistructual
Relational
Extended
Abstract
I can name an
enzyme involved
and what its
function is
I can name the
three enzymes
involved and
what their
functions are
I can sequence
how the
enzymes work
together two
allow two
stands of DNA
to be produced
I can discuss
why the process
is semiconservative
AND
What aspects
control accuracy
Origins
initiate
replication at
different
times.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Sequence the order of the
enzymes
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Complete the parts whole map
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Sequence DNA replication:





DNA unwinds via enzyme helicase (this forms a replication
bubble and replication forks)
Two semi-conservative DNA molecules have been
produced
Ligase joins okazaki fragments together on lagging strand
DNA polymerases (3) start synthesising complementary
bases to DNA strands in 3’ – 5’ direction (old strand
number).
Replication bubble extends in one 3- 5 direction leading to
one strand becomingASthe
leading strand, the other the
Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
lagging strand.
Sequence DNA replication:
ANSWERS

1. DNA unwinds via enzyme helicase (this forms a replication
bubble and replication forks)

5. Two semi-conservative DNA molecules have been produced

4. Ligase joins okazaki fragments together on lagging strand


2. DNA polymerases (3) start synthesising complementary
bases to DNA strands in 3’ – 5’ direction (old strand number).
3. Replication bubble extends in one 3- 5 direction leading to
one strand becoming the leading strand, the other the lagging
strand.
Extended Abstract
 Discuss
what the consequence would
be to the new cells in DNA replication
was not 100% accurate. Explain
what factors (TWO) ensure errors
are prevented.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
Answer
The consequence for the new cells if DNA
replication was not accurate would be a change in
the sequence of bases. This change could lead to
genes producing different proteins or no proteins
at all. Many of these genes code for enzymes the
cell may not be able to carry out in desired
functions (e.g. a nerve cell). Errors are minimised
by the DNA being double stranded so
complementary bases will always be matched up.
When DNA polymerase is adding free nucleotides
to the new strand only the correct base pair will
be matched up.
This ensures the new strand will have the correct
complementary base sequence.

1. To discuss the process of DNA replication
Unistructual
Multistructual
Relational
Extended
Abstract
I can name an
enzyme involved
and what its
function is
I can name the
three enzymes
involved and
what their
functions are
I can sequence
how the
enzymes work
together to
allow two
stands of DNA
to be produced
I can discuss
why the process
is semiconservative
AND
What aspects
control accuracy
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function
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AS Biology. Gnetic control of
protein structure and function