Download File - Miss Diaz`s Class

Read Ch. 17
and jot down
answers.
Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
The Glorious (or not) End – 1877
• EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR
• creation of a single unified country
• abolition of slavery
• increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of
states rights
• U.S. now an industrial nation
• a stronger sense of nationalism
• Western lands increasingly opened to settlement
• South was economically and physically devastated,
w/ the plantation system crippled...thus
Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep
hatred of the North remained...
Reconstruction Questions
4. What branch
1. How do we
of government
“Reconstruction”
refers to the
era
bring
the South
should control
from
back
into1865
the to 1877 when the
theU.S.
process of
Union?
gov’t addressed bringing the
South
Reconstruction?
back into the Union after the Civil
War
& the
over
former
2. How
dotreatment
we
3. How
do we
slaves
in the
America
rebuild
South
integrate and
after its
destruction
during the war?
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
The South is destroyed
• The Civil War ended April 9, 1865.
• Most of the land in the South was destroyed
by the Civil War. The South would need to be
rebuilt.
• This rebuilding of the South was called
Reconstruction.
Wartime Reconstruction Plans
• In 1863, Lincoln announced a lenient Ten
Percent Plan:
• President Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible.
• Any southern state with at least 10% of its voters making a pledge to be
loyal to the U.S. could be readmitted to the Union.
• The South also had to accept a ban on slavery.
Congress rejected Lincoln’s plan:
Radical Republicans wanted black male
suffrage added & feared that Confederate
leaders would take charge in the South
The Slaves Are Free
• With the ending of the war, the slaves were
now free.
• The 13th Amendment to the Constitution
was passed.
• The 13th Amendment made slavery illegal
forever in the United States.
13th Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
• The U.S. government was divided in its
approach to Reconstruction:
Lincoln wanted:
1. Quick readmission of the
South & no
formal protection
for freed blacks
2. Use pardons to
control the South
3. South decides to
pledge loyalty
Republicans in Congress
wanted:
1. Guaranteed rights for exslaves & a promise that
ex-Confederate leaders
couldn’t govern
2. Congress has right to
decide whether slaves
can join
Wartime Reconstruction Plans
The Wade-Davis Bill was passed by Congress in
1864:
– 50% of state populations had to swear an oath of
By
the end of the Civil War, the
loyalty
government
had
plan
–U.S.
Confederate
leaders were
notno
eligible
to vote or
for
Reconstruction
in place
participate
in state governments
– Did not require black suffrage but did enforce
This
problem was compounded in
emancipation
1865 when Lincoln was
But
Lincoln vetoed the bill
assassinated
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required 50% of the number
of 1860 voters to take an “iron
clad” oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never
voluntarily aided the rebellion
).
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required a state constitutional
convention before the election
of state officials.
 Enacted specific safeguards of
freedmen’s liberties.
Congressma
n
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
• On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln
laid out his approach to
Reconstruction in his second
inaugural address.
• He hoped to reunite the nation and
it’s people.
• “With malice [hatred] toward none, with
charity for all, with firmness in the right
as God gives us to see the right, let us
finish the work we are in, to bind up the
nation's wounds, to care for him who
shall have borne the battle, and for his
widow and for his orphans, to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just
and a lasting peace among ourselves
and with all nations.” –A.L.
Lincoln is assassinated
• Just six days after the war ended, on April
15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated while watching a play.
• Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes
Booth, a Southerner who was angry at
Lincoln.
• Vice-President Andrew Johnson became
president.
President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state constitutions
fell short of minimum
requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Black Codes
 Purpose:
*
Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
*
Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations.
 Forced many blacks to
become sharecroppers
[tenant farmers].
“Malice towards none and charity
for all”
—Abraham Lincoln
“Every head of family in the United
States should have one slave to take
the drudgery and menial service off
his family”
—Andrew Johnson
Radical Republicans
• The Black Codes angered many Republicans in
Congress who felt the South was returning to its old
ways.
• The Radical Republicans wanted the South to change
more before they could be readmitted to the Union.
• They were angry at President Johnson for letting the
South off so easy.
Radical Republicans: Thaddeus
Stevens, Charles Sumner, Ben Wade
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands.
 Many former northern
abolitionists risked their
lives to help southern
freedmen and establish
schools.
 Called “carpetbaggers”
by white southern
Democrats.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen
Through
Southern
Eyes
Plenty to eat
and nothing
to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
The Freedman’s Bureau
• The Freedman’s Bureau was established in
1865 to offer assistance to former slaves &
protect their new citizenship:
– Provided emergency food, housing, medical
supplies
– Promised “40 acres & a mule”
– Supervised labor contracts
– Created new schools
th
14
Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868:
•Federal gov’t must protect the civil rights of all
Americans
•Defined the meaning of “citizenship” for Americans
•Clearly defined punishments for Southern states who
violated the civil rights of African-Americans
 Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black citizens!
The 14th Amendment
• The 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship
to all people born or naturalized within the
U.S. except for the Indians.
• It said that state governments could not
“deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law.”
Johnson and The Radical Republicans
• Congress was angry at President Johnson for
not going along with their Reconstruction
policies.
• As a result, Congress impeached Johnson.
Impeachment
• Impeachment is the process of charging a
public official with a crime.
• The next step was to try the president in the
Senate.
• By a single vote, Republicans failed to convict
Johnson.
• The only other time a president has been
impeached was Bill Clinton.
The 1866 Bi-Election
 A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
 Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda
tour around the country to push his plan.
 Republicans
won a 3-1
majority in
both houses
and gained
control of
every northern
state.
Johnson’s “Swing around
the Circle”
Radical Reconstruction
• Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, trumped
Thaddeus
Stevens
the
Johnson
by passing
it its own Radical
most Reconstruction
influential of plan
the in 1867:
– Congress
could confiscate
“radical”
Republicans;
He & redistribute Southern
plantations
opposed
the Crittenden
–
Allowed
quick
re-entry
for
states
that
supported
Compromise, led the
black suffrage
impeachment
charges
– Ex-Confederates couldn’t vote
against
Johnson,
&
– And…
drafted the Radical
Reconstruction plan used
from 1867 to 1877
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all Reconstruction
orders through
the commander of the military.
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without
the Senate’s consent, if the position
originally required Senate approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton
But, Radical
Reconstruction
so
Created
5 military
districtswas
to enforce
dependent
ondistricts
massive
sustained federal
Created 5 military
to enforce&Reconstruction
acts
aid that it was not adequate to enforce
equality in the South…
…and Johnson obstructed Republicans’
plans by removing sympathetic cabinet
members & generals
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
 Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges by a
vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
Reconstructing
Southern Society
Reconstructing Southern Society
• How did Reconstruction impact the South?
– Southern whites wanted to keep newly-freed
blacks inferior
– Freed blacks sought equality, property, education,
& the vote
– Many Northerners moved South to make money or
to "civilize" the region after the Civil War
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
Problem: families
accumulated debt to
Sharecropping
the landowner before their crop was sold;
This cyclical process led to mortgages on
future crops (crop lien system)
By the end of 1865, most freedmen had
returned to work on the same plantations
on which they were previously enslaved
The Black Codes
• The Black Codes were laws passed by
Southern states that limited the new-found
freedom of African Americans.
• Black Codes forced African Americans to
work on farms or as servants. They also
prevented African Americans from owning
guns, holding public meetings, or renting
property in cities.
Black Codes: A New Slavery?
• Violence & discrimination against freedmen by
whites was common:
– Southerners used black codes to keep former
slaves from voting, getting jobs, buying land
– 1,000s of blacks were murdered
– U.S. army did not have enough troops to keep
order in the South
Voting Rights
• Other laws were passed to keep blacks from
voting.
• One law said former slaves had to pay a tax to
vote. It was called a poll tax.
• Another law was passed that said a person
could only vote if their grandfather had voted.
These laws were called the Grandfather
Clause.
Republican Rule in the South
• In 1867, a Southern Republican Party was
formed by:
– Northern “carpetbaggers”
– Southern “scalawags” interested in making money
in the South
– Small, white farmers who wanted protection from
creditors Republicans were only in
Southern
– Blacksfor
who1-9
wanted
civil rights
power
years
but improved
•
Many Southern
blacks
were elected
public
education,
welfare,
& to state &
national gov’t
transportation
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any state on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that they
were not granted the vote!
The “Reconstruction” Amendments
How effective was the U.S. in addressing
these Reconstruction questions?
1. How to
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How to
rebuild the South
after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How to
integrate &
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
STOP HERE. Discuss ?s.
Class Discussion
• Identify & explain the different
Reconstruction plans:
– Lincoln’s Plan
– The Wade-Davis Bill
– Andrew Johnson Plan
– Thaddeus Stevens & the Radical Reconstruction
Plan
• Rank order these plans in terms of which ones
were (or would have been) most successful
Ku Klux Klan
• In 1866 a group of white southerners created the Ku
Klux Klan.
• The KKK was a secret society opposed to African
Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right
to vote.
• The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten
blacks.
• Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide
their identities.
• The Klan was known to have murdered many people.
Segregation and Jim Crow Laws
• Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in
separate hotels, sit in separate parts of
theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have
separate schools, libraries, and parks. This is
known as segregation.
• Segregation - the legal separation of blacks
and whites in public places
• Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson
• The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal in
Plessy v. Ferguson.
• They said that segregation was fair as long as
“separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for
African Americans.
• In practice, the African American facilities were
usually “separate-and-unequal.”
• It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the Civil
War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be outlawed and
blacks to finally realize legal equality in America.
40 Acres and Mule
• During Reconstruction, ex-slaves were promised
40 acres of land and a mule.
• Unfortunately, the government never came
through with their promise.
• During the riots in the 1960’s, people were
overheard saying, “That’s for my 40 acres and a
mule,” as they stole something from a store.
• Film maker Spike Lee’s company is called 40
Acres and a Mule.
Legacies of Reconstruction
• The impoverishment and
underdevelopment of the South
until the 1950s (crop liens, cotton
lock, debt peonage, tenant farming
and sharecropping)
• Better education for blacks (public
schools, increased literacy rates),
more autonomous black institutions
(Black Members of the 41st and 42nd
Congress, Hiram Revels [MS]
included)
• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments (at least in place, if not enforced)
• Black congressional representation ( 14 H.o.R. and 2 senators from
1868-1876)
PPT compiled and adapted from:
• Ms. Susan M. Pojer (Horace Greeley HS)
• American Civil War ppts (mrdonn)