Download Unit 10 (Evolution) Study Outline

Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______
Honors Living Environment
Unit 10 (Evolution)
Study Outline
This handout will serve as a resource to help guide you in studying for the Unit 10 Test. We
encourage that you find a study method that works best for you. Use this page as a reference as
you review class notes, handouts, quizzes, Castle Learning assignments, etc. In addition, there
are excellent resources on the internet that you can use for supplemental review and
reinforcement. Visit our teacher webpages for some suggestions on internet sources. As always,
come to extra help and to our review sessions if you have any questions. Best of luck!
Evolution
A. Evidence of Evolution
 Fossil Record
i. Geologic Time
ii. Transitional Fossils

Comparative Anatomy
i. Homologous Structures
ii. Analogous Structures
iii. Vestigial Structures

Comparative Biochemistry/Molecular Biology

Comparative Embryology

Biogeography
i. Pangea
ii. Continental Drift
B. Lamarck vs. Darwin
 Lamarck’s Theory
i. Principle of Use and Disuse
ii. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Darwin’s Theory
i. Work on the Galapagos Islands
ii. “On the Origin of Species:
iii. Natural Selection

Factors Necessary for Natural Selection
i. Population
Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______
Honors Living Environment
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Variation in Populations (mutations, Meiosis, Sexual Reproduction)
Differences in Reproductive Success
Overproduction
Survival of the Fittest
Environmental Change
C. Examples of Natural Selection
 Peppered Moth

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
D. Types of Natural Selection
 Stabilizing selection

Diversifying/disruptive selection

Direction selection
E. Population genetics
 Key Terms
i. Population
ii. Gene pool
iii. Allele frequency
iv. Microevolution vs. macroevolution

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
i. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, p + q = 1
ii. gene pool remains same from generation to generation

Conditions Necessary to Maintain Hard-Weinberg Equilibrium
i. large populations
ii. no genetic drift
iii. no migration/emigration (gene flow)
iv. No mutations
v. Random Mating
vi. No Natural Selection

Variations in Populations
i. Mutations
ii. Genetic Drift (Bottleneck Effect & Founder Effect)
iii. Gene Flow
Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______
Honors Living Environment
F. Factors that Lead to Speciation
 Isolation
i. Geographic Isolation
ii. Polyploidy
iii. Habitat Isolation
iv. Behavioral Isolation
v. Temporal Isolation
vi. Reproductive Isolation
G. Patterns of Evolution
 Divergent Evolution
 Convergent Evolution
 Parallel Evolution
 Coevolution
 Adaptive Radiation
H. Patterns of Change
 Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
I.
Early Earth
 How Life Began
i. Conditions of Early Earth
ii. Formation of Organic Compounds (Stanley Miller Experiment)
iii. Formation of Organic Polymers
iv. RNA as the First Genetic Material
v. Formation of Pre-Cells

Heterotrophic Hypothesis
i. Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotes
ii. Autotrophic Prokaryotes
iii. Endosymbiosis & Origin of Eukaryotes
Classification of Living Things
A. Taxonomy
 Three-Domain System
i. Domain Bacteria
ii. Domain Archaea
iii. Domain Eukarya
Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______
Honors Living Environment

Four Kingdoms of Eukarya
i. Kingdom Protista
ii. Kingdom Fungi
iii. Kingdom Plantae
iv. Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Classification System
i. Kingdom Monera
ii. Kingdom Protista
iii. Kingdom Fungi
iv. Kingdom Plantae
v. Kingdom Animalia

Classification Levels
i. Domain
ii. Kingdom
iii. Phylum
iv. Class
v. Order
vi. Family
vii. Genus
viii. Species
B. Animal Diversity
 Nine Common Animal Phyla
i. Porifera
ii. Cnidarians
iii. Platyhelminthes
iv. Nematodes
v. Annelids
vi. Mollusks
vii. Arthropods
viii. Echinoderms
ix. Chordates
C. Chordate Classes
 Fish
i. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
ii. Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______
Honors Living Environment

Amphibians

Reptiles

Aves (Birds)

Mammals
i. Monotremes
ii. Marsupials
iii. Placental mammals

Order
i. Primates

Family
i. Hominids

Modern Humans
i. Homo sapiens
D. Evolutionary Trends
 Specialized Cells, Tissues, & Organs
i. Cell
ii. Tissue
iii. Organ

Germ Layers
i. Ectoderm
ii. Endoderm
iii. Mesoderm

Radial Symmetry vs. Bilateral Symmetry

Cephalization

Coelom
i. Acoelomate
ii. Pseudocoelomate
iii. Coelomate (protosome & deuterostomes)
Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______
Honors Living Environment
**Please Note: Not ALL information on this outline will be assessed on your Unit exam.
Additional topics outlined on this study worksheet include information required for the SAT
Subject Test. You are only required to know information presented in class for this
assessment***