Download The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment
Summary
Objectives
• How did scientific progress promote trust in
human reason?
• How did the social contract and separation of
powers affect views on government?
• How did new ideas affect society and the
economy?
• Identify the philosophies of major Enlightenment
thinkers such as: John Locke, Baron de
Montesquieu, Adam Smith.
Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
• 1500-____: European scientists using _______
to discover laws of nature
– Very successful: _____ movements, chemistry,
vaccine for _______, etc.
• Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws
that governed the physical world, why not use
reason to discover natural laws?
– Laws that govern _________
– ________ begin studying _______ and
________problems
Major Enlightenment Ideas
• Every _____, ______ and _______
problem could be solved through the use
of ________.
• Governments are created to ______ an ______
society.
• _________ of powers is the _____ way to
protect human ________.
• All ______ are created “free and equal.”
• A free market should be allowed to
___________.
Enlightenment Thinkers
________
+
John ______
Baron de
__________
Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes
•Humans are naturally ______,
______ and _______.
•To escape this “brutish” life
people entered into a ______
contract.
•Only a _______ government
could ensure an orderly society.
•Believed only an absolute
___________ could keep a
society completely orderly.
John Locke
•Humans are naturally _______,
________ and ________.
•Humans have natural _______:
_____, _______ and _______.
•People form governments to
_________ natural ______.
•_______ government was one
with __________ power.
•If a government violates people’s
natural rights, people have the
right to _________government.
Separation of Powers
• Baron de Montesquieu: ________ absolute
________ and admired British government
– British ________ themselves from tyranny by
________ ________of government between
three branches: legislative, executive and judicial
(misconception).
– Each branch of government should be
able to ‘check’ the other two.
• What government does this sound like?
Enlightenment and the Economy
• ___________ rejected mercantilism in favor
of a policy called ________ ______.
– Physiocrats were Enlightenment
thinkers who focused on _______ reforms.
• Laissez-Faire: allowing _____ to operate with
_________ or ____ government interference.
– Real wealth comes from productive land not gold
and silver.
– Supported _____ ______ and opposed ________.
Enlightenment and the Economy
• Adam Smith: _____ _____ should be allowed
to _______ business activity.
– Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth
are all linked to the market forces of ______ and ______.
– Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it
because there are _______ and economic ________ to be
had.
– Smith supported ________ ______ but also believed
that a government had a duty to _____ society,
administer justice, and provide public works.
• His ideas lead to very productive economies during the
Industrial Revolution (1800’s and 1900’s).
Supply and
Demand
Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Detested the _______ _______ and slavery
Deplored _________ prejudice
Defended freedom of _______
Attacked ________ right theory
Urged education for ______
Hated unequal distribution of _________
Believed governments should be _______
________
• Women’s first duty was to her _________
Enlightenment Changes Society
• Women:Women were _____ equal and were
_________ for attempting to gain equality
• Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to
discuss _________________ _____ (chat rooms)
• Music: ________ and ________ become popular
(Bach, Handel, Mozart)
• Art: Baroque gives way to ______ art (_______,
________ and _________)
• Literature: _______ become popular (Robinson
_________)
Enlightenment Changes Society
• Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: ______to
change and hurt the worst
– ________ disappears in the west, rises in the east
– ________ in _______ Europe allowed to own or rent
_____
– All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar issues
• Forced into military
• Lands could be torn up without compensation by
nobility
• Some peasants become eager for change, some resist
change completely
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?
a) Montesquieu
b) Hobbes
c) Rousseau
d) Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?
a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism.
b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire.
c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire.
d) They focused on social reform.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?
a) Montesquieu
b) Hobbes
c) Rousseau
d) Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?
a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism.
b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire.
c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire.
d) They focused on social reform.
Enlightenment Thinkers
~Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of
Laws Bk. VI, Ch.2
The reason why men enter into
society is the preservation of their
property, and putting themselves
under government, is the
preservation of their property.
~John Locke Second Treatise of Government
ChXIX, “Of the Dissolution in Government”
~Adam Smith The Wealth
of Nations Vol.I, bk.1, ch.7
In republican governments, men are
all equal; equal they are also in
despotic governments: in the former,
because they are everything; in the
latter, because they are nothing.
The market price of
every particular
commodity is
regulated by the
proportion between
the quantity which is
actually brought to
market, and the
demand of those who
are willing to pay the
natural price of the
commodity or the
whole value of the
rent, labor and profit
which must be paid in
order to bring it
thither.